Evolutionary framework

Blaxter, 1998). Once the evolutionary framework is in place, the search for genes and processes unique to or important in parasitism can be taken up in earnest. 

Baldwin, J.G., Frisse, L.M., Vida, J.T., Eddleman, C.D. and Thomas, W.K. (1997) An evolutionary framework for the study of developmental evolution in a set of nematodes related to Caenorhabditis elegans. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution... 

The SCOP database is curated manually, with the objective of placing proteins in the correct evolutionary framework based on conserved structural features. Two similar enterprises, the CATH (class, architecture, topology, and homologous superfamily) and FSSP (/old classification based on structure-structure alignment of proteins) databases, make use of more automated methods and can provide additional information. 

Viewing the relationship between culture and psychopathology within an evolutionary framework, Hammer and Zubin (1966) also suggest some possible culturally adaptive functions of schizophrenia. They point out that the characteristics of the mentally ill occur in most people, and symptoms such as anxiety, guilt, shame, and depression are often harnessed to socially useful purposes. Similarly, Bowers and Freedman (1966) and Ludwig (1966) emphasize the healing function of schizophrenic states and consider them a major avenue of new knowledge and creative experience. 

Phylogenetic analysis provides an evolutionary framework with which we can map the evolution of characters, including those pertinent to parasitism, that define the diversity and biology of extant flatworms, and from which ancestral conditions may be inferred. Alternative scenarios can be tested in terms of how parsimoniously they may map on to the evolutionary hypothesis to hand and through these... 

Criscione and Blouin, 2004). Thus, our knowledge of life cycles not only enables an understanding of origins but also evolutionary processes such as speciation, coevolution and host switching. However, although the field is replete with stories as to how complex life cycles may have arisen, hypotheses often remain untested and untestable. Even hypothetical model-driven studies remain divorced from reality in the absence of an evolutionary framework (e.g. Parker et at., 2003). 

The set of concepts identified in this chapter as common to most areas of modern science is a set far removed from one describing an eternal, Newtonian or Daltonian particle because its concepts are far richer. The set contains, as we have seen, directional time, fitting far more comfortably a description of organisms in an evolutionary framework. 

Although these hypotheses may be intellectually appealing, none have attempted to account for the mechanisms on which the evolutionary forces have acted, and therefore none provide a completely satisfactory explanation. The purpose of this paper is to consider the neural and endocrine mechanisms involved in primer pheromone action and incorporate these into an evolutionary framework. 

Pharmaceutical manufacturers face constant competitive and regulatory pressure to upgrade their technological capabilities, and the evolutionary framework of analysis emphasizes the extent to which this upgrading relies on both firm-level investment building on existing capabilities, and also on the benefits that accrue from its surrounding industrial base. Chapter 1 briefly noted that African countries broader... 

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