Evasive Actions

Regarding the adrenal steroids, the behavioral activation of hormonal secretion in stress is part of a mechanism for restoring homeostatic balance. For example, an encounter with a predator may require rapid evasive action, in which neural activity and rapidly mobilized hormones such as epinephrine play a role. Adrenal steroid secretion is slower, reaching a peak minutes after the stressful event, and therefore is not expected to play a role in coping with the immediate situation. If the evasive action is successful and... 

Delay zone(s) allowing intervening force the time to respond or time for operators to take evasive action before an adversary reaches a target following detection... 

Symptoms of carbamate intoxication develop earlier than those of OPP poisoning. Hence the exposed worker is more likely to associate his or her symptoms with the pesticide and take earlier evasive action. The antidote of choice for carbamate poisoning is atropine, as with the OPPs. However, the use of PAM is not recommended here, as it may actually prove to be deleterious in some instances (ref. 164,... 

High-flying aircraft such as Concorde carry radiation alarms to detect these solar surges which can result in dose rates as high as 10 mSv h or more in these conditions evasive action is required to reduce dose rates. 

Your assignment Eliminate the heat-seeker base. It s easy enough to strafe the missiles on the ground, but if any are launched, you ll have to take evasive action. 

B. Maneuvers Applying evasive action, Scanning battlefields with one eye or monocular optics, Minimizing use of binoculars in areas known to have lasers in use, Using hardened optical systems when available, and Battlefield Smoke Screen. 

Deputy Directors Krauss, Mehner and Scharff, either arrested within the works or fetched from their homes, are being held as hostages at the works. Roads around the factory sealed off in some cases, no trams allowed in the northern sector of the town until 8.00 am. Spahis, scouts are keeping the main roads clear and are said to have used their sabres on those who were too slow to take evasive action but not seen out of doors after a few more hours. The strength of the force involved was apparently about a regiment of Moroccans, two squadrons of spahis and a number of machine guns and tanks... 

Risk transfers are found in two places. They are found next to undeveloped terminal events, and they are found near the top of the chart as assumed risks. The implied logic is that barriers, controls, or evasive actions are not possible or practical in those areas where there are undeveloped terminal events. If activity is continued under these circumstances, then some risk is assumed or accepted. The small assumed risk transfers are used to denote a transfer up to the small ovals under the assumed risk portion of the MORT chart. 

Evasive action Were plans made and steps taken to remove persons or objects from the energy path Were these actions successful Controls Were control measures to warn targets of impending danger adequate ... 

The distance traveled between the point at which the driver perceives that braking evasive action is required and the point at which the contact is made with the braking controls. 

Although accidents involving pedestrians most often occur on the nearside of the road, with older people accidents are more likely when the pedestrian is on the far side. This may indicate faulty judgement of speed and distance in relation to an individual s ability to take evasive action. 

Toxic effect models are employed to assess die consequences to human health as a result of exposure to a known concentration of toxic gas for a known period of time. Mitigation of these consequences by sheltering or evasive action is discussed in Chapter 5. 

In the event of a major incident, the consequences to people will probably be less serious than predicted by the release and incident outcome models described in Chapters 2 and 3 and the effect models in Chapter 4. This is not only because of uncertainties in modeling incident outcomes or modeling limitations that may lead to conservative assumptions and results but also because of topographical and physical obstruction factors, and because of evasive actions taken by people. Evasive actions can include evacuation, escape, sheltering, and heroic medical treatment. This chapter addresses the impact of evasive actions as mitigating factors to a CPQRA study. 

In the event of an incident, some (all) people in the effects zone may be indoors (i.e., shelter) or may seek shelter. These people may or may not be in a safe shelter depending on whether the shelter provides total or partial isolation from the incident outcome. Others (including some of the people in safe shelters) may move outside of the affected area (i.e., escape or evacuate) if there is sufficient warning. By these evasive actions, the number of potential casualties may be reduced. Thus, consideration of evasive actions— shelter, escape, and/or evacuation— may achieve a more realistic estimate of consequences. 

Escape to a structure will result in lower maximum concentrations but the integrated dose in terms of concentration time will be the same. Most toxic materials have hazardous effects that arc related to some power of the concentration greater than one and therefore, safe shelters can be especially effective. In addition, exposure to lower concentrations should result in less chance of disability or disorientation so that additional evasive actions can be considered. 

Nuclear studies consider evasive actions such as shelter and evacuation. Appendix E of the PRA Procedures Guide (NUREG, 1983) provides a useful overview of nuclear evacuation models. Section 4.3 discusses the maximum allowable levels of thermal exposure from flares, which would indicate when a shelter or a shield to block heat radiation is necessary. 

There are many possible aspects of evasive actions that can be considered. In studies where evasive action is considered the type of evasive action will many times be dictated by the established emergency response plans. TTiis may include evacuation or sheltering in place depending on the quantity and hazardous properties of the material which could be released. 

The analysis of evasive actions is empirical, and is based primarily on historical information firom past incidents. These rates may be pessimistic because increased attention is now being given to emergency response plans for CPI facilities. These response plans should improve the scope and response to evasive actions [e.g., CMA s CAER (Community Awareness and Emergency Responses) program]. 

The outputs are probability factors used to modify the predicted number of casualties following an incident to reflect the appropriate evasive actions. 

The omission of evasive actions in a CPQRA will lead to an overestimation of the numbers of casualties. Obviously, as shown in the sample problem, there are... 

The technique is empirically based, and there are very limited data. The reader is reminded that with empirical methods, the worst scenario may not yet have occurred and, thus, may not be properly modeled. However, omission of evasive actions usually results in an overestimation of the number of casualties in a CPQRA. 

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