Evacuation rescue

Leafloor, EC. (2006). Survey of Offshore Escape, Evacuation Rescue Safety Systems (Post Ocean Ranger Recommendations) 243. 

Emergency action helps reduce the severity of an incident. Emergency action may take several forms, for example, evacuation, rescue, emergency communications, treatment, and recovery. Emergency action requires the use of specially trained teams (fire brigades, spill response teams, etc.) and special equipment (fire protection systems, spdl containment equipment, flood control equipment, communication systems, medical emergency equipment, etc.). Chapter 29 discusses emergency actions in more detail. 

The development of the sub-plan follows a logical sequence. A list of potential hazards (e.g. fires, explosions, floods) is compiled. The possible major consequences of each is identified (e.g. casualties, damage). Required countermeasures are determined (e.g. evacuation, rescue, firefighting). Resources needed to carry out the plaimed actions are listed (e.g. medical supplies, rescue equipment, personnel). Based on these considerations, the emergency procedures can be established. Communication, training, and periodic drills are required to ensure adequate performance when the plan must be implemented. 

In the United Kingdom many of the offshore regulatory requirements are handled through the Prevention of Fire and Explosion, and Emergency Response (PFEER) Regulations. They require that duty holders provide adequate arrangements for escape, evacuation, rescue, and recovery of persons involved in an incident. 

Evacuation plan Establish and practice procedures for an anergency evacuation, e.g., fire, chemical/biological incidents, bomb threat include escape procedures and routes, critical plant operations, anployee accounting following an evacuation, rescue and medical duties, and ways to report anergendes. 

In case of a major disaster, one platform in a region will be equipped to act as a control centre from which rescue operations are co-ordinated. Evacuation routes will be provided, and where large complexes are clustered together, a standby vessel will be available in the region to supply emergency services such as fire fighting and rescue. 

Access and egress roads used for response, rescue, or evacuation. (Depending on wind direction, tliese roads may be unusable.)... 

Smoke is a by-product of most fires caused by the incomplete oxidation of the fuel supply during the chemical process of combustion. It accounts for a large majority of fatalities of from fire incidents at both onshore and offshore petroleum facilities. In the Piper Alpha incident of 1988, probably the worst petroleum industry offshore life loss incident, the majority of deaths were not from bums, drowning or explosion impacts but from smoke and gas inhalation. The report on the incident concluded that, of the bodies recovered from the incident, 83% were as a result of inhalation of smoke and gas. Most of these victims were assembled in the accommodation awaiting evacuation directions or as they may have thought - a possible rescue. 

Psychologically the sight and smell of smoke may induce panic and disorientation. When this occurs movement of personal to achieve evacuation objectives may be severely inhibited. This is especially critical where personnel are unfamiliar to the facility. Smoke will also hinder fire fighting and rescue efforts. 

Adequate arrangements for emergency service access to all portions of the facility for fire fighting, rescue, evacuation means. 

Strength Rescue, curfew and evacuation operations were initially planned for a 7-day period. Issues identified and addressed included food/hydration/shelter/sanitation bar-ricades/shift rotation. ADPS and ACSO provided hurricane stock of bottled water for responders. 

Fire Tabun reacts with steam and water to produce toxic and corrosive vapors. Any personnel not fighting a fire of sarin should immediately be evacuated from the area. Respiratory protection is required (positive pressure, full face piece, NIOSH-approved SCBA will be worn). When response personnel respond to handle rescue or reconnaissance, they will wear Level A protection that should be worn when the highest level of respiratory, skin, eye, and mucous membrane protection is needed. This level consists of a fully-encapsulated, vapor-tight, chemical-resistant suit, chemical-resistant boots with steel toe and shank, chemical-resistant inner/outer gloves (butyl rubber glove M3 and M4 Norton, chemical protective glove set), coveralls, hard hat, and self-contained (positive pressure) breathing apparatus (SCBA). 

Additional models and software are identified in A Guide to Quantitative Risk Assessment for Offshore Installations (Spouge, 1999) which address offshore risk analysis, explosion modeling, evacuation and rescue analysis, reliability analysis, accident databases, event tree analysis, and safety management. 

Three men were killed by the blast. Their bodies were saturated with highly contaminated water and particles of fuel had penetrated their skin. Rescue teams evacuated the casualties despite gamma dose rates up to 10 Gy h 1 within the reactor building. 

Not only should laboratory workers be aware of emergency telephone numbers, but they also should know the location and proper use of fire-fighting appliances, rescue equipment, and emergency exits. They also should be familiar with the prescribed procedure for evacuating the building and the location of the outside assembly point where personnel rollcalls will be checked. 

The location of an inhalator, a stretcher, and other rescue equipment, if not in the laboratory itself, should be known. The telephone number of the nearest medical emergency room and the local ambulance service should be posted conspicuously. Instructions for emergency evacuation, including special procedures for evacuating physically handicapped persons, should also be posted. An evacuation drill held near the beginning of each academic term is recommended. 

Patient C. A 49-year-old woman reported by her family to have hepatitis C was evacuated from New Orleans after a boat rescue. She visited an Arkansas hospital on September 4 with bullae, septic shock, and necrotizing fasciitis on her left leg, which was extensively debrided. V. vulnificus was isolated from her blood. As of September 12, she was being treated with ceftazidime and doxycycline and remained in critical condition. 

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