Ethylene ethyl benzene from

Any substituted benzyl- ions formed in the course of the reduction will yield eventually a polystyrene, and indeed, a small amount of polymer was found in the reduction products of styrene (17). However, the reduction of compounds which give radicals of higher electron affinity leads to a substantial amount of carbanions. i.e. with those compounds the electron-transfer to a radical competes efficiently with a hydrogen transfer from NH2, e.g. 1,1-diphenyl ethylene gives Pl C-CH3 ion under conditions which yield ethyl benzene from styrene (17). 

A similar alkylation is the formation of ethyl benzene from benzene and ethylene ... 

Reductive elimination of ethane from five-coordinate Pt(IV) alkyl complexes has also led to the generation of three-coordinate complexes that have shown catalytic activity in the hydroarylation of olefins. In contrast to the f-Bu or Ph substituted pypyr ligands which underwent facile cyclometalation and trapping with ethylene (Scheme 7), when the Me-substituted ( pypyr)PtMe3 (4c) was heated in benzene solvent under a pressure of ethylene, ethyl benzene product was produced with a TON of 26 [94]. Other combinations of arenes and olefins were also observed to yield hydroarylation products when ( pypyr)PtMe3 complex 4c was used as a catalyst precursor. Presumably C-C reductive elimination of ethane is followed by C-H activation of the arene, reductive elimination of methane, and then... 

The performance of many metal-ion catalysts can be enhanced by doping with cesium compounds. This is a result both of the low ionization potential of cesium and its abiUty to stabilize high oxidation states of transition-metal oxo anions (50). Catalyst doping is one of the principal commercial uses of cesium. Cesium is a more powerflil oxidant than potassium, which it can replace. The amount of replacement is often a matter of economic benefit. Cesium-doped catalysts are used for the production of styrene monomer from ethyl benzene at metal oxide contacts or from toluene and methanol as Cs-exchanged zeofltes ethylene oxide ammonoxidation, acrolein (methacrolein) acryflc acid (methacrylic acid) methyl methacrylate monomer methanol phthahc anhydride anthraquinone various olefins chlorinations in low pressure ammonia synthesis and in the conversion of SO2 to SO in sulfuric acid production. 

Ethylene Cyanohydrin. This cyanohydrin, also known as hydracrylonitnle or glycocyanohydrin [109-78-4] is a straw-colored Hquid miscible with water, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, and ethanol, and is insoluble in benzene, carbon disulfide, and carbon tetrachloride. Ethylene cyanohydrin differs from the other cyanohydrins discussed here in that it is a P-cyanohydrin. It is formed by the reaction of ethylene oxide with hydrogen cyanide. 

All of the above high-volume organic chemicals are obtained from petroleum or natural gas. This is why the modern organic chemical industry is frequently referred to as the petrochemical industry. The high-volume status of some of these compounds is due to their use to make others lower on the list. For example, ethylene is used to make ethylene dichloride, which, in turn, is used to make vinyl chloride. Ethyl benzene, made from benzene and ethylene, is used to make styrene. Methyl r-butyl ether is made from methanol and butylene, a captive intermediate for which production data is not available. 

Petroleum refineries produce a stream of valuable aromatic compounds called the BTX, or benzene-toluene-xylenes (Ruthven 1984). The Cg compounds can be easily separated from the Ce and C compounds by distillation, and consist of ethyl benzene, o-xylene, m-xylene, and / -xylene. Ethyl benzene is the starting material for styrene, which is used to make polystyrene / -xylene is oxidized to make terephthalic acid, and then condensed with ethylene glycol to make polyester for fibers and films. The buyers of / -xylene are the manufacturers of terephthalic acid, such as BP-Amoco, who in turn sell to the fiber manufacturers such as DuPont and Dow. These are big and sophisticated companies that have strong research and engineering capabilities, and are used to have multiple suppliers. The eventual consumers of adsorbents are the public who consider polyester as one of the choices in fabric and garments, in competition with other synthetic and natural fibers. Their purchases are also dependent on personal income and prosperity. In times of recession, it is always possible for a consumer to downgrade to cheaper fibers and to wear old clothes for a longer period of time before new purchases. 

Ethylbenzene is manufactured by the alkylation process from ethylene and benzene feeds. The catalyst employed has mostly been aluminum chloride with a small addition of ethyl chloride promoter. Normally, aluminum chloride is somewhat corrosive and causes relatively high maintenance on the equipment. 

If, for example, we were to form styrene from an equimolar mixture of ethylene and benzene, we could carry out an alkylation reaction to form ethyl benzene, which is then dehydrogenated to form styrene. We will need both an alkylation catalyst and a dehydrogenation catalyst ... 

Desulfurization of petroleum feedstock (FBR), catalytic cracking (MBR or FI BR), hydrodewaxing (FBR), steam reforming of methane or naphtha (FBR), water-gas shift (CO conversion) reaction (FBR-A), ammonia synthesis (FBR-A), methanol from synthesis gas (FBR), oxidation of sulfur dioxide (FBR-A), isomerization of xylenes (FBR-A), catalytic reforming of naphtha (FBR-A), reduction of nitrobenzene to aniline (FBR), butadiene from n-butanes (FBR-A), ethylbenzene by alkylation of benzene (FBR), dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene to styrene (FBR), methyl ethyl ketone from sec-butyl alcohol (by dehydrogenation) (FBR), formaldehyde from methanol (FBR), disproportionation of toluene (FBR-A), dehydration of ethanol (FBR-A), dimethylaniline from aniline and methanol (FBR), vinyl chloride from acetone (FBR), vinyl acetate from acetylene and acetic acid (FBR), phosgene from carbon monoxide (FBR), dichloroethane by oxichlorination of ethylene (FBR), oxidation of ethylene to ethylene oxide (FBR), oxidation of benzene to maleic anhydride (FBR), oxidation of toluene to benzaldehyde (FBR), phthalic anhydride from o-xylene (FBR), furane from butadiene (FBR), acrylonitrile by ammoxidation of propylene (FI BR)... 

In this reaction, as generally viewed, ethyl benzene is formed from ethyl chloride, benzene and aluminium chloride. Some of the equilibria in this reaction with the ternary (or considering ethyl chloride to be made up of ethylene and hydrogen chloride, quarternary) intermediate compound are indicated. Only a few of the possible reactions are shown. Taking equilibria (a) and (c), it is evident that this represents the reaction as ordinarily viewed. In... 

Lower boiling fractions from the primary distillation are also used in the production of solvents. Ethylene is used to produce ethylene dichloride, efliylene glycol, ethanol, and ethyl benzene. Propylene is used to produce isopropyl alcohol. Halogenation, hydrohalogenation, alkylation, and hydrolysis reactions are used in these conversions. 

In the laboratory, styrene can be prepared by the decarboxylation of cinnamic acid, as shown in Reaction 1, using dry distillation. However, styrene is produced commercially from ethylene and benzene, two basic ingiedienis of the petrochemical industry. With electrophilic addition of ethylene to benzene, a mixture of ethyl benzene and diethylbenzene is obtained as own in Reaction 2. The dehydrogenation of these benzene derivatives produces slyrene and divinylbenzene, respectively (Reaction 3). A detailed synthesis of styrene is described by Berthelot et al (6). As mentioned earlier, styrene is an important monomer in many industrial polymers. Additionally, divinylbenzene which is produced as a by-product is an effective crosslinker for ion-exchange resins, polystyrene-based supported reagents and catalysts, and low profile additive in a number of liquid molding resin systems. 

Styrene is produeed eommeicially from ethylene and benzene, two basic ingredients of the petrochemical industiy. With electrophilic addition of ethylene to benzene, a mixture of ethyl benzene and diethylbenzene is obtained as shown in Reaction 2. The dehydrogenation of these benzene derivatives produces styrene and divinylbenzene, respectively (Reaction 3). 

Styrene is obtained almost exclusively from the catalytic dehydrogenation of ethyl benzene (600°C, metal oxide). Ethyl benzene is obtained by a Friedel-Crafts reaction of benzene with ethylene. The separation of the styrene from the tetrafunctional, and therefore cross-linkable, divinyl benzene is important. In order to prevent premature polymerization, sulfur or dinitrophenols are added before distillation and t-butyl catechol is added before storing. 

Ethylene from cracking of the alkane gas mixtures or the naphtha fraction can be directly polymerized or converted into useful monomers. (Alternatively, the ethane fraction in natural gas can also be converted to ethylene for that purpose). These include ethylene oxide (which in turn can be used to make ethylene glycol), vinyl acetate, and vinyl chloride. The same is true of the propylene fi action, which can be converted into vinyl chloride and to ethyl benzene (used to make styrene). The catalytic reformate has a high aromatic fi action, usually referred to as BTX because it is rich in benzene, toluene, and xylene, that provides key raw materials for the synthesis of aromatic polymers. These include p-xylene for polyesters, o-xylene for phthalic anhydride, and benzene for the manufacture of styrene and polystyrene. When coal is used as the feedstock, it can be converted into water gas (carbon monoxide and hydrogen), which can in turn be used as a raw material in monomer synthesis. Alternatively, acetylene derived from the coal via the carbide route can also be used to synthesize the monomers. Commonly used feedstock and a simplified diagram of the possible conversion routes to the common plastics are shown in Figure 2.1. 

The two monomers of major interest, styrene and ethylene, are well known and details can be found on all aspects of their technology elsewhere. Poly(ethylene-co-styrene) is primarily produced via solution polymerization techniques using metallocene catalyst/co-catalyst systems, analogous to the production of copolymers of ethylene with a-olefin monomers. Solvents that can be employed include ethyl-benzene, toluene, cyclohexane, and mixed alkanes (such as ISO PAR E, available from Exxon). The thermodynamic properties of poly(ethylene-co-styrene), including solvent interactions and solubility parameter assessments, are important factors in relation to polymer manufacture and processing, and have been reported by Hamedi and co-workers (41). 

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