Ethyl benzene data

Figure 6.8 Effect of chain transfer to solvent according to Eq. (6.89) for polystyrene at 100°C. Solvents used were ethyl benzene ( ), isopropylbenzene (o), toluene (- ), and benzene (°). [Data from R. A. Gregg and F. R. Mayo, Discuss. Faraday Soc. 2 328 (1947).]...

Efficiency and pressure drop data for Siilzer BX metal gauze structured packing and for three test mixtures are shown in Fig. 14-7.5. For the ethyl benzene/styrene test mixture, the effect of operating pressure is shown. The high viscosity mixture, propylene glycoL/ethylene... 

All of the above high-volume organic chemicals are obtained from petroleum or natural gas. This is why the modern organic chemical industry is frequently referred to as the petrochemical industry. The high-volume status of some of these compounds is due to their use to make others lower on the list. For example, ethylene is used to make ethylene dichloride, which, in turn, is used to make vinyl chloride. Ethyl benzene, made from benzene and ethylene, is used to make styrene. Methyl r-butyl ether is made from methanol and butylene, a captive intermediate for which production data is not available. 

Fig. 144.—The treatment of expansion factor-temperature data obtained from intrinsic viscosities of polyisobutylene fractions in three pure solvents and in ethyl-benzene-diphenyl ether mixtures. Data for fractions having molecular weights Xl6 of 1.88, 1.46, and 0.180 are represented by O,, and Q, respectively. (Fox and Flory. 2)...

Figure 2.21 Nucleate pool boiling, on a flat chromium surface, at different pressures, of (a) n-pentane (b) benzene (c) ethyl alcohol. Data of Ci-chelli and Bonilla (1945). (From Mikic and Rohsenow, 1969. Copyright 1969 by American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York. Reprinted with permission.)...

A still contains a liquor composition of o-xylene 10 per cent, m -xylene 65 per cent, p-xylene 17 per cent, benzene 4 per cent and ethyl benzene 4 per cent. How many plates are required at total reflux to give a product of 80 per cent m -xylene, and 14 per cent p-xylene The data are given as mass per cent. 

Tager and co-workers (51) have invoked bundle structures to explain correlations between the viscosities of concentrated polymer solutions and the thermodynamic interactions between polymer and solvent. They note, for example, that solutions of polystyrene in decalin (a poor solvent) have higher viscosities than in ethyl benzene (a good solvent) at the same concentration, and quote a number of other examples. Such results are attributed to the ability of good solvents to break up the bundle structure the bundles presumably persist in poor solvents and give rise to a higher viscosity. It seems possible that such behavior could also be explained, at least in part, by the effects of solvent on free volume (see Section 5). Berry and Fox have found, for example, that concentrated solution data on polyvinyl acetate in solvents erf quite different thermodynamic interaction could be reduced satisfactorily by free volume considerations alone (16). Differences due to solvent which remain after correction for free volume... 

Figure 4. Effect of added ethyl benzene on the monomer concentration in seed particles ((O) data obtained from swelling experiments (%) data obtained from seeded emulsion polymerization at start)...

These results explain the findings of Blackley and Haynes who also showed that the molecular weight of the polymer formed in the presence of ethyl benzene was lower than that in its absence. Calculation from their experimental data shows that their n varied from 0.005 to 0.039 radicals per particle, well into Case 1. Thus, their explanation on the basis of the Trommsdorff "gel" effect cannot be correct since this requires the mutual termination of two macroradicals in a particle, which obtains only under Case 3 kinetics. Similar experiments on the effect of the diluents on "insitu" (unseeded) and seeded emulsion polymerization indicates that n decreases due to desorption of free radicals from the particles (27). 

Matisova and co-workers11 have suggested that the need for a reproducible sample volume can be eliminated by combining the standard addition method with an in situ internal standard method. In the quantitative analysis of hydrocarbons in petroleum, they chose ethyl benzene as the standard for addition, but they used an unknown neighboring peak as an internal standard to which they referenced their data. This procedure eliminated the dependency on sample size and provided better quantitation than the area normalization method they were using. 

Figure 6. UV photoemission spectroscopy data for the series of materials benzene (v) (3), 2-ethyl benzene (v), 2-ethyl benzene (s). and polystyrene (s).

We summarize here the features of the UPS and UVA data which lead to the molecular ion concept for these aromatic pendant group polymers. First, the spectra of the polymers PVP and PS are essentially identical to those of condensed model molecular moieties 2-vinyl pyridine and ethyl benzene, respectively. Second, the solid-state spectra are related to the gas-phase spectra of these model moieties by an essentially constant shift to higher energy (lower binding energy) of all the ionization peaks by = 1.5 0.1 eV. Third, the width in energy of the solid-state ionization peak is Air = 1.0 0.1 for both polymers... 

The first optical absorption bands of benzene and pyridine are known to occur near 5 eV. The optical data on 1000 A thick, solution cast, PS and PVP as well as on the model molecules ethyl benzene and 2-ethyl pyridine in the gas phase were recorded on a Cary 14 double beam instrument. The data are therefore limited to >1 u <6 eV by the optics of the instrument. Condensed molecular solid spectra were not necessary since the photoemission studies had already shown that the polymer and condensed molecular spectra were equivalent. Therefore a comparison of gas-phase model-molecule spectra with that of the corresponding polymer spectra was sufficient. 

Fig. 81 Utideipotential deposition of atomic bromine (large anodic peak) and the beginning of bromine evolution on platinum, in ].0 M Al Br and 0.8 M KBr in ethyl benzene, v = 120 niVlsec. Data from Elam and Gileadi, J. Electrochem. Soc. 126, J474 (1979).

Fig. 3 Solvent strength data on porous graphitized carbon columns for the retention of aniline, naphthalene, ethyl benzene, and phenol. (Reproduced by kind permission of Thermo-Hypersil-Keystone.)...

International Agency for Research on Cancer has classified ethyl benzene as a category 2B (possibly carcinogenic to humans, based on inadequate human data and sufficient animal data). 

Table 13-1 Data for conversion of ethyl benzene to styrene in an adiabatic reactor...

Using the vapor pressure data for ethyl benzene, plotted in the form of In />vap vs 1/7 , we find... 

Using the data in the Problem statement, Appendices II and IV we find Ka(T = 150° Q = 3.1x10s. So again we can presume that all the styrene in the vapor and liquid phases is converted to ethyl benzene. 

Reasonable answers would be obtaineil by usinK data for ethyl benzene frofii Apperullxes 9 and 15. 

Now we consider a mixture of four components benzene, ethylene, ethylbenzene and diethylbenzene. Figure 8.22B presents the equilibrium composition at a ratio of reactants 1 1 and 20 atm. The above picture changes considerably. The equilibrium conversion of benzene drops under 80%. The amount of ethyl-benzene at equilibrium drops also significantly, because of diethylbenzene. On the contrary, the temperature seems not to play a role. Hence, we must include in our analysis secondary reactions. The problem is that we would need kinetic data to assess the selectivity. 

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