Ether-based liquid electrolytes

Little work has been done on bare lithium metal that is well defined and free of surface film [15-24], Odziemkowski and Irish [15] showed that for carefully purified LiAsF6 tetrahydrofuran (THF) and 2-methyltetrahydrofuran 2Me-THF electrolytes the exchange-current density and corrosion potential on the lithium surface immediately after cutting in situ, are primarily determined by two reactions anodic dissolution of lithium, and cathodic reduc- 

According to the depth profile of lithium passivated in LiAsF6 / dimethoxyethane (DME), the SEI has a bilayer structure containing lithium methoxide, LiOH, Li20, and LiF [21]. The oxide-hydroxide layer is close to the lithium surface and there are solvent-reduction species in the outer part of the film. The thickness of the surface film formed on lithium freshly immersed in LiAsF /DME solutions is of the order of 100 A. 

The formation of a native surface film on lithium is unavoidable. It arises from storage and laboratory handling of the lithium metal in the gaseous atmosphere of the dry 

Among many polar aprotic solvents, including ethers, BL, PC, and ethylene carbonate (EC), methyl formate (MF) seems to be the most reactive towards lithium. It is reduced to lithium formate as a major product which precipitates on the lithium surface and passivates it [24], The presence of trace amounts of the two expected contaminants, water and methanol, in MF solutions does not affect the surface chemistry. C02 in MF causes the formation of a passive film containing both lithium formate and lithium carbonate. 

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Chemical Composition and Morphology of the SEI 16.2.2.1 Ether-Based Liquid Electrolytes... 

As a result, the acid strength of the proton is approximately equivalent to that of sulfuric acid in nonaqueous media. In view of the excellent miscibility of this anion with organic nonpolar materials, Armand et al. proposed using its lithium salt (later nicknamed lithium imide , or Lilm) in solid polymer electrolytes, based mainly on oligomeric or macro-molecular ethers. In no time, researchers adopted its use in liquid electrolytes as well, and initial results with the carbonaceous anode materials seemed promising. The commercialization of this new salt by 3M Corporation in the early 1990s sparked considerable hope that it might replace the poorly... 

Traditionally electrolytes provide effective Li-ion transport between electrodes and work as a charge-transfer medium within sulfur-containing cathodes. Special requirements for electrolytes in Li-S cells include low viscosity and low solubility of sulfur species. A common Li-S electrolyte consists of a Li salt such as lithium triflate (LiCFaSOa), LiTFSl, LiPFs, and LiC104, and a matrix of one or two organic solvents. Based on liquid electrolytes used in Li-S cells, here we divide and discuss them into four categories (1) ether-based electrolytes, (2) carbonate-based electrolytes, (3) ionic liquid-based electrolytes, and (4) other new Uquid systems. 

Fang S, Zhang Z, Jin Y, Yang L, Hirano S, Tachibana K, Katayama S (2011) New functionalized ionic liquids based on pyrrolidinium and piperidinium cations with two ether groups as electrolytes for lithium battery. J Power Sources 196(13) 5637-5644... 

Ether carboxylates are used not only in powdered detergents but in liquid laundry detergents for their hard water stability, lime soap dispersibility, and electrolyte stability they improve the suspension stability and rheology of the electrolyte builder [130,131]. Formulations based particularly on lauryl ether carboxylate + 4.5 EO combined with fatty acid salt and other anionic surfactants are described [132], sometimes in combination with quaternary compounds as softeners [133,163]. Ether carboxylates show improved cleaning properties as suds-controlling agents in formulations with ethoxylated alkylphenol or fatty alcohol, alkyl phosphate esters or alkoxylate phosphate esters, and water-soluble builders [134]. 

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