Ethers liquid electrolytes

As a result, the acid strength of the proton is approximately equivalent to that of sulfuric acid in nonaqueous media. In view of the excellent miscibility of this anion with organic nonpolar materials, Armand et al. proposed using its lithium salt (later nicknamed lithium imide , or Lilm) in solid polymer electrolytes, based mainly on oligomeric or macro-molecular ethers. In no time, researchers adopted its use in liquid electrolytes as well, and initial results with the carbonaceous anode materials seemed promising. The commercialization of this new salt by 3M Corporation in the early 1990s sparked considerable hope that it might replace the poorly... 

Hayamizu K, Akiba E, Bando T, Aihara Y (2002) H-1, Li-7, and F-19 nuclear magnetic resonance and ionic conductivity studies for liquid electrolytes composed of glymes and polyetheneglycol dimethyl ethers of CH30(CH2CH20)n CH3 (n = 3-50) doped with LiN (S02CF3)2. J Chem Phys 117 5929... 

TEGDME (tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether, tetraglyme), ionic liquids, and solid electrolyte were proposed as candidate electrolyte. As a liquid electrolyte, ionic liquid may be a solution. 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (EMI... 

Liquid electrolyte lithium-ion technology uses mixtures of aprotic organic solvents (which are not likely to donate a proton) because the graphite-lithium electrode is very unstable in the presence of compounds with labile hydrogen.22 The solvents used are alkyl earbonates (carbonates of ethylene, propylene, dimethyl, etc.) ethers, in which a lithium salt that... 

Traditionally electrolytes provide effective Li-ion transport between electrodes and work as a charge-transfer medium within sulfur-containing cathodes. Special requirements for electrolytes in Li-S cells include low viscosity and low solubility of sulfur species. A common Li-S electrolyte consists of a Li salt such as lithium triflate (LiCFaSOa), LiTFSl, LiPFs, and LiC104, and a matrix of one or two organic solvents. Based on liquid electrolytes used in Li-S cells, here we divide and discuss them into four categories (1) ether-based electrolytes, (2) carbonate-based electrolytes, (3) ionic liquid-based electrolytes, and (4) other new Uquid systems. 

Chemical Composition and Morphology of the SEI 16.2.2.1 Ether-Based Liquid Electrolytes... 

In addition, polymers with free carboxylic acid groups such as PAA and poly(methacrylic acid) can form copolymer electrolytes with PEO, leading to a sharp increase in ionic conductivity. Apparently, the PAA or other polycarboxylic acids can increase the lithium-ion transference number by decreasing the transfer of anions. The ionic conductivities of these copolymer electrolytes can be further increased by adding boron trifluoride diethyl etherate (Bp30Et2), which can promote the dissolution of lithium cations and carboxylic acid anions. Epoxidized natural rubber can also increase the ionic conductivity of PEO. Addition of symmetric poly(styrene-Wocfc-ethylene oxide) copolymers obviously affects the distribution of Lb ions. In contrast to current solid and liquid electrolytes, its ionic conductivity increases with increasing molecular weight of the copolymers. 

An ether-functionalizedIL, 3-[2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethyl]- 1-methyl-imidazolium iodide, was used as the liquid electrolyte in a DSSC. However, the efficiency of liquid electrolyte was found inferior to those of sol-gel electrolytes [84]. The Lin group... 

Nakamoto H, Suzuki Y, Shiotsuki T, Mizuno F, Higashi S, Takechi K, Asaoka T, Nishikoori H, Iba H (2013) Ether-functionalized ionic liquid electrolytes for lithium-air batteries. J Power Sources 243 19-23... 

To date, several polymer hosts have been used in GPEs that include PEG, PPO, PAN, PMMA, poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), PVdF, poly(vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoro propylene) (PVdF-HFP), etc. Furthermore, the Bellcore method and phase inversion method have been developed for the preparation of GPEs. The Bellcore process is critical and developed from the fabrication of PVdF-HFP copolymers. It involves the plasticization of PVdF-HFP copolymers, subsequent plasticizer removal, and the final reswelling in an electrolyte solution. Low-boiling solvents, such as diethyl ether or methanol, are successfully employed to remove dibutyl phthalate (DBF) from the polymer matrix, leaving a pore structure in the polymer layers which is then refilled with the liquid electrolyte during the cell activation process (Song et af, 1999). 

Ether carboxylates are used not only in powdered detergents but in liquid laundry detergents for their hard water stability, lime soap dispersibility, and electrolyte stability they improve the suspension stability and rheology of the electrolyte builder [130,131]. Formulations based particularly on lauryl ether carboxylate + 4.5 EO combined with fatty acid salt and other anionic surfactants are described [132], sometimes in combination with quaternary compounds as softeners [133,163]. Ether carboxylates show improved cleaning properties as suds-controlling agents in formulations with ethoxylated alkylphenol or fatty alcohol, alkyl phosphate esters or alkoxylate phosphate esters, and water-soluble builders [134]. 

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