Ethane + propane + decane

Kobe Murti determined by Macleod method values a, A, B C for several compds which have been used by Rush Gamson. These compds included ethane, propane, pentane, heptane, cyclohexane, hydrogen, oxygen, benzene, CCI2F2, carbon dioxide, decane and chlorine. The results were similar to those repotted by R G but better correlation was obtd... 

More than 300 compounds had been identified in cocoa volatiles, 10% of which were carbonyl compounds (59,60). Acetaldehyde, 2-methylpropanal, 3-methylbutanal, 2-methylbutanal, phenylacetaldhyde and propanal were products of Strecker degradation of alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, phenyl-acetaldehyde, and a-aminobutyric acid, respectively. Eckey (61) reported that raw cocoa beans contain about 50-55% fats, which consisted of palmitic (26.2%), stearic (34.4%), oleic (37.3%), and linoleic (2.1%) acids. During roasting cocoa beans these acids were oxidized and the following carbonyl compounds might be produced - oleic 2-propenal, butanal, valeraldehyde, hexanal, heptanal, octanal, nonanal, decanal, and 2-alkenals of Cg to C-q. Linoleic ethanal, propanal, pentanal, hexanal, 2-alkenals of to C q, 2,4-alkadienals of Cg to C-q, methyl ethyl ketone and hexen-1,6-dial. Carbonyl compounds play a major role in the formation of cocoa flavor components. 

Methane, ethane, propane, butane, pentane, hexane, heptane, octane, nonane, decane... 

To calculate micelle size and diffusion coefficient, the viscosity and refractive index of the continuous phase must be known (equations 2 to 4). It was assumed that the fluid viscosity and refractive index were equal to those of the pure fluid (xenon or alkane) at the same temperature and pressure. We believe this approximation is valid since most of the dissolved AOT is associated with the micelles, thus the monomeric AOT concentration in the continuous phase is very small. The density of supercritical ethane at various pressures was obtained from interpolated values (2B.). Refractive indices were calculated from density values for ethane, propane and pentane using a semi-empirical Lorentz-Lorenz type relationship (25.) Viscosities of propane and ethane were calculated from the fluid density via an empirical relationship (30). Supercritical xenon densities were interpolated from tabulated values (21.) The Lorentz-Lorenz function (22) was used to calculate the xenon refractive indices. Viscosities of supercritical xenon (22)r liquid pentane, heptane, decane (21) r hexane and octane (22.) were obtained from previously determined values. 

Table VII. Comparison of Predicted and Experimental (16) Methane-Ethane—Propane— -Pentane- -Hexane- f-Decane...

Water solubilization in AOT reverse micelles has been studied by measurements of Wq at the phase boundary, Wq at a fixed temperature [16,20,21,48]. The data are in reasonable agreement for the heavy solvents octane, nonane, and decane and for the light solvents ethane, propane, and butane, but the results are not in agreement for the intermediate solvents pentane, hexane, and heptane [20]. To determine the location of for these solvents, phase boundary plots of the type shown in Fig. 3 were constructed, and a constant-temperature line was drawn across the plot to determine This is a much more reliable technique than the alternative procedure of adding water aliquots to a reverse micelle solution at a fixed temperature, because the phase boundary can be difficult to observe in such an experiment [19]. 

The product spectrum of n-pentane is more complicated than that of cyclohexane. The main products are H2, ethane, propane, pentenes and the various decanes. The decanes and a major part of the pentenes are formed by recombination and disproportionation of the parent radicals (CgHn ), like in cyclohexane. 

For nonpolar fluids [32, 33] (methane, ethane, propane, n-butane, w-pentane, n-hexane, n-heptane, n-octane, argon, oxygen, nitrogen, ethylene, isobutane, cyclohexane, sulfur hexafluoride, carbon monoxide, carbonyl sulfide, n-decane, hydrogen sulfide, isopentane, neopentane, isohexane, krypton, w-nonane, toluene. 

A large proportion of the volatiles identified in vegetable oils are derived from the cleavage reactions of the hydroperoxides of oleate, linoleate, and linolenate (Section D). A wide range of hydrocarbons (ethane, propane, pentane and hexane) appears to be formed in soybean oil oxidized to low peroxide values. A number of volatiles identified in vegetable oils that are not expected as primary cleavage products of monohydroperoxides include dialdehydes, ketones, ethyl esters, nonane, decane, undecane, 2-pentylfuran, lactone, benzene, benzaldehyde and acetophenone. Some of these volatiles may be derived from secondary oxidation products, but the origin of many volatiles still remains obscure. However, studies of volatile decomposition products should be interpreted with caution, because the conditions used for isolation and identification may cause artifacts, especially when fats are subjected to elevated temperatures. 

Ethane Propane i ulane n ulane i entane nPentane ivHexane ivHeptane ivOctane n4 onane n-Decane nCII cn... 

The typical natural gas constituents methane, ethane, propane, hutane, isohutane, pentane, isopentane, hexane, isohexane, heptane, octane, nonane, decane, undecane, dodecane, carbon dioxide, carhon monoxide, hydrogen, nitrogen, and water. 

This test method is used for the determination of methane, ethane, propane, propene, acetylene, iso-butane, propadiene, butane, trans-2-butene, butene-1, isobutene, cis-2-butene, methyl acetylene and 1,3-butadiene in high-purity ethylene. The purity of the ethylene can be calculated by subtracting the total percentage of all impurities from 100.00 %. Since this test method does not determine all possible impurities such as CO, CO2, H2O, alcohols, nitrogen oxides, and carbonyl suliide, as well as hydrocarbons higher than decane, additional tests may be necessary to fully characterize the ethylene sample. 

Hydrocarbons emitted into the atmosphere react with OH and other transient oxidants (NO3 radicals, O3, Cl-atoms) to form oxygenates. Hydrocarbons have a wide variety of atmospheric lifetimes. Methane is the least reactive hydrocarbon and has an atmospheric lifetime with respect to OH radicals of about 10 years. The lifetimes (days) of ethane, propane, n-butane, and n-decane are about 47, 11, 4.9, and 1, respectively. Alkenes are more reactive than alkanes of the same carbon number and are transformed into oxygenates much more quickly by reactions with OH and O3. For example, the lifetimes for reaction with OH for ethene, propene, and trans-2-butene are about 1.3 days, 10 h, 4.3 h, respectively. In addition, the alkenes react rapidly with ozone to form oxygenates. In the presence of 60 ppb of O3, the lifetimes of ethene, propene, and trans-2-butene with repect to reaction with ozone are 4.9 days, 18 h, and 1.0 h, respectively. Of course, the nature of the products formed by reactions of the hydrocarbons with... 

The efficiency of n-octane hydroxylation was optimized and a mutant called variant 139-3 was found to perform this oxygenation 38 times faster than the wild-type enzyme. This variant is also very active for other substrates such as propane, hexane, cyclohexane, heptane, nonane and decane. Even ethane can be hydroxylated selectively with this engineered biocatalyst [121]. First reports on the control of... 

The most common members of aliphatic hydrocarbons are methane, ethane, n-propane, n-butane, n-pentane, n-hexane, n-heptane, n-octane, n-nonane, and n-decane. In general, after repeated exposure, these compounds cause nausea, vomiting, abdominal discomfort, asphyxia, and chemical pneumonitis. In high concentrations as gas or vapor, these compounds trigger CNS depression and axonopathy. Keeping up the essential requirements of chemical safety to industrial workers, the ACGIH and OSHA have set the threshold limits for many of the aliphatic hydrocarbons. ... 

The results of pyrolysis of polypropylene in air depends on the pyrolysis heating rate because the pyrolysis process competes with the oxidation [108], By heating between 120° C and 280° C in air, polypropylene is reported to generate ethene, ethane, propene, propane, isobutene, butane, isobutane, pentadiene, 2-methyl-1-pentene, 2,4-dimethyl-1-pentene, 5-methyl-1-heptene, dimethylbenzene, methanol, ethanol, 2-methyl-2-propene-1-ol, 2-methylfuran, 2,5-dimethylfuran, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acrolein, propanal, methacrolein, 2-methylpropanal, butanal, 2-vinylcrotonaldehyde, 3-methylpentanal, 3-methylhexanal, octanal, nonanal, decanal, ethenone, acetone, 3-buten-2-one, 2-butanone, 1-hydroxy-2-propanone, 1-cyclopropylethanone, 3-methyl-2-buten-2-one, 3-penten-2-one, 2-pentanone, 2,3-butanedione [109]. 

In this paper we use dynamic light scattering (DLS) methods to examine micelle size and clustering in (1) supercritical xenon, (2) near-critical and supercritical ethane, (3) near-critical propane as well as (4) the larger liquid alkanes. Reverse micelle or microemulsion phases formed in a continuous phase of nonatomic molecules (xenon) are particularly significant from a fundamental viewpoint since both theoretical and certain spectroscopic studies of such systems should be more readily tractable. Diffusion coefficients obtained by DLS for AOT microemulsions for alkanes from ethane up to decane are presented and discussed. It is shown that micelle phases exist in equilibrium with an aqueous-rich liquid phase, and that the apparent hydrodynamic size, in such systems is highly pressure dependent. 

Methane and ethane simple asphyxiants. Propane, butane anaesthetic Pentane-decane anaesthetic and irritant. 

Charts containing plots of log K vs. log P for each of several convergence pressures are presented in the Engineering Data Book.19 Charts are presented for nitrogen, methane, ethylene, ethane, propylene, propane, i-butane, n-butane, /-pentane, n-pentane, hexane, octane, decane, hydrogen sulfide, selected binaries, and the normal boiling fractions. 

This method has been used to determine the solubility of hydrocarbon in water between 0.5 and 1.5 atm (38), of hydrogen, ethylene, ethane and propane in toluene at pressure up to 12 atm (39) and of methane in n-decane at pressure up to 68 atm (40). 

Typical VLE results for different C02-alkane systems are shown in Figures 5.93 and 5.94. While in Figure 5.93 only VLE data for four different C02-alkane (propane, butane, hexane, decane) are shown, for the system ethane -CO2 additionally the experimental and predicted azeotropic and critical data are shown. As can be seen, excellent results are obtained for all systems considered. This means that the group contribution concept can also be applied for the gases included in the PSRK matrix. 

In Fig. 6, the critical p T) curves of some members of the trifluoromethane -f alkane family (with alkane = methane, ethane, hexane, octane, decane, and additionally those of tetralin and decalin), as well as those of the trifluoromethane binaries with argon, krypton, tetrafluoromethane, and nitrogen, are presented [67]. Whereas trifluoromethane -f tetrafluoromethane, -f krypton, -f methane, -f ethane, and -f hexane (as well as -f propane, -f butane, and -f pentane) exhibit class-II critical behavior, trifluoromethane -f nitrogen, -f argon, -f octane, -f decane, -f tetralin, and -f decalin belong to class III according to the classification... 

Although there is only 1 possible structure for methane, ethane, and propane, as shown in Active Figure 21.2, there are 2 possible isomers of butane, shown in Figure 21.3(a). Pentane has 3 isomers (Fig. 21.3[b]). There are 5 isomeric hexanes, 9 heptanes, and 75 possible decanes. It is possible to draw over 300,000 isomeric structures... 

Let us illustrate the above with a specific example. Although this example is strongly application driven, the conclusions are equally valid for more fundamental problems in simulations of complex fluids. There is considerable interest in studying the adsorption of alkanes in the pores of a zeolite. Zeolites are microporous materials which are used as catalysts in petrochemical applications (see Zeolites Applications of Computational Methods). A prerequisite for an understanding of the catalytic activity of these zeolites is a knowledge of the behavior of the molecules adsorbed in their narrow pores. Since this type of information is extremely difficult to obtain experimentally, simulations appear to be an attractive alternative. Indeed, over the last decade many simulation studies on the behavior of molecules in zeolites have been published (for a review see Ref. 3). A more careful look at these studies reveals that most simulations concern the adsorption of noble gases or methane, only a few studies of ethane or propane have been published. In petrochemical applications of zeolites, however, we are interested in the behavior of much longer alkanes such as octane and decane. 

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