Flow of metals

A catholyte recycle circuit was added following Demo II testing because of greater than anticipated flow of metal ions, mineral acids, and organic material from the anolyte to the catholyte in the electrochemical cells. 

In aU wrought processes, the flow of metal is caused by application of an external force or pressure that pushes or pulls a piece of metal or alloy through a metal die. The pressure required to produce plastic flow is determined primarily by the yield stress of the material (cf. Section 5.1.4.3) which, in turn, controls the load capacity of the machinery required to accomplish this desired change in shape. The pressure, P, used to overcome the yield stress and cause plastic deformation is given by... 

Jaworowski Z., Bysiek M., and Kownacka L. (1981) Flow of metals into the global atmosphere. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acto 45(11), 2185 - 2199. 

Aim to increase the flow of metal complexes from intestine to blood by increasing the concentration of lipid-soluble, low molecular mass complexes present in the intestinal fluids ... 

Zinc stearate provides a rather remarkable result. It markedly enhances the melt flow of metal sulfonate ionomers while simultaneously improving the mechanical properties of the resultant system. 

The specific material constants were introduced earlier through eqs. (7.24c), with 9 = T/Tg and/(yP) being given by eqs. (7.41). In eq. (7.46) is an empirical rate parameter, to be chosen as a best fit to experimental results to complete the definition, and to replace the mechanistic expressions with the more convenient equivalent phenomenological forms introduced here. Through these choices, the power-law form of the kinetic law of eq. (7.43) becomes a flexible representation of the large-strain plastic flow of metallic glasses near Jg. 

Since the plastic flow of metallic glasses has been extensively investigated in the high-temperature range below Tg (see, e.g., de Hey et al. (1998), van Aken et al. (2000), and references therein) there is an abundance of experimental information... 

While it is well established that the rupture stress of both brittle and ductile materials is increased significantly by the presence of compressive stress (known as the Mohr effect), it is generally believed that a similar relationship for flow stress does not hold. However, an explanation for this paradox with considerable supporting experimental data is presented below. The fact that this discussion is limited to steady-state chip formation rules out the possibility of periodic gross cracks being involved. However, the role of microcracks is a possibility consistent with steady-state chip formation and the influence of compressive stress on the flow stress in shear. A discussion of the role microcracks can play in steady-state chip formation will follow in the next section. Hydrostatic stress plays no role in the plastic flow of metals if they have no porosity. Yielding then occurs when the von Mises criterion reaches a critical value. Merchant [7, pp. 267-275] has indicated that Barrett [10]... 

Recycled content (RC) (also recycling input rate) describes the fraction of secondary material within the flow of metal for manufacturing new products. 

Forging is used in the production of parts which have to withstand heavy or unpredictable loads, such as levers, cams, gears, connecting rods and axle shafts. Mechanical properties are improved by forging, as a result of the flow of metal being controlled so that the direction of grain flow... 

Stopper. (1) The round-ended refractory (fireclay or graphite) shape that terminates the stopper-rpd assembly in a steel-casting ladle and controls the rate of flow of metal through the nozzle. 

The Hausner ratio is defined as the ratio of tap density to aerated bulk density. The Hausner ratio (1966,1967) was initially used in the characterisation and evaluation of the bulkiness, particle shape and degree of friction required to prevent the flow of metal powders. The... 

The flow of metals may easily be ascertained from experiments ) run on a 1,500-ton capacity rod extrusion press, in which - as illustrated in Fig. 108 - a 100 mm rod was extruded from a 163 mm container. The billet was made up with disks of 50 mm thickness and 150 mm diameter (sketch a) alternatively of copper and brass, and first of all compressed to a diameter of 163 mm and a total billet length of 592 mm (sketch b). Sketches c-e show clearly how the speed of flow is slowed down by the friction of the billet on the container wall and how the various disks bulge out towards the die aperture. From the movement of the various disks it is seen that disk no. for example, is dislodged for a distance of 205 mm from the die after a ram stroke of 92 mm (see sketch c). In sketch b the distance between this very edge and the die - in the com-... 

Locally varying resistances to flow in complex sections with rims, necks, corners, and the like, are controlled by varying of the die lead-in, the bearing length, etc., so as to prevent the acceleration of flow at some points. Uneven flow of metal through the die leads to buckling and twisting of the extruded section. 

Bas57] Basinski, Z.S., The InstabUity of Plastic Flow of Metals at Very Low Temperatures, Proc. R. Soc., Vol A240, 1957, p. 229-242... 

Fluorinated surfactants promote the flow of metal coatings and prevent cracks in the coating during drying [219,220]. 

---