Ester enolates groups

Step 2 Nucleophilic addition of the ester enolate to the carbonyl group of the neutral ester The product is the anionic form of the tetrahedral intermediate... 

The 3-deoxyhexoses were obtained crystalline after separation on a column of cellulose, a rather tedious operation recently separation of these sugars by fractional crystallization has been reported (41). From the major unsaturated ester 27, 3-deoxy-D-ribo- and -arabino-hexose were shown to have been produced respectively in the ratio 66 34, and from ester 28 in the ratio 24 76. Saturation of the enol grouping of the esters 27 and 28 gives, therefore, the 1,2-cis products preferentially. However, some hydrogenolysis of the anomeric acetate group accompanies simple saturation of the double bond and poses another separation problem. 

An alkylation reaction is used to introduce a methyl or primary alkyl group onto the a position of a ketone, ester, or nitrile by S 2 reaction of an enolate ion with an alkyl halide. Thus, we need to look at the target molecule and identify any methyl or primary alkyl groups attached to an a carbon. In the present instance, the target has an a methyl group, which might be introduced by alkylation of an ester enolate ion with iodomethane. 

Tire mechanism of the Claisen condensation is similar to that of the aldol condensation and involves the nucleophilic addition of an ester enolate ion to the carbonyl group of a second ester molecule. The only difference between the aldol condensation of an aldeiwde or ketone and the Claisen condensation of an ester involves the fate of the initially formed tetrahedral intermediate. The tetrahedral intermediate in the aldol reaction is protonated to give an alcohol product—exactly the behavior previously seen for aldehydes and ketones (Section 19.4). The tetrahedral intermediate in the Claisen reaction, however, expels an alkoxide leaving group to yield an acyl substitution product—exactly the behavior previously seen for esters (Section 21.6). The mechanism of the Claisen condensation reaction is shown in Figure 23.5. 

Intramolecular nucleophilic addition of the ester enolate ion to the carbonyl group of the second ester at the other end of the chain then gives a cyclic tetrahedral intermediate. 

The following structure represents an intermediate formed by addition of an ester enolate ion to a second ester molecule. Identify the reactant, the leaving group, and the product. 

Exposure of compound 16, a substance that can be obtained in a straightforward manner from glycine, to sodium tert-butoxide furnishes an enolate that undergoes conversion to 8 upon treatment with terf-butyl formate. It was anticipated that the phthalimido and tert-butyl ester protecting groups in 8 could be removed easily and selectively under anhydrous conditions at a later stage in the synthesis. 

A synthetically useful virtue of enol triflates is that they are amenable to palladium-catalyzed carbon-carbon bond-forming reactions under mild conditions. When a solution of enol triflate 21 and tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(o) in benzene is treated with a mixture of terminal alkyne 17, n-propylamine, and cuprous iodide,17 intermediate 22 is formed in 76-84% yield. Although a partial hydrogenation of the alkyne in 22 could conceivably secure the formation of the cis C1-C2 olefin, a chemoselective hydrobora-tion/protonation sequence was found to be a much more reliable and suitable alternative. Thus, sequential hydroboration of the alkyne 22 with dicyclohexylborane, protonolysis, oxidative workup, and hydrolysis of the oxabicyclo[2.2.2]octyl ester protecting group gives dienic carboxylic acid 15 in a yield of 86% from 22. 

We might have recognised this as a Claisen-Cope product since it is a y > < -unsaturaLed ester. Disconnecting and inverting the allylic group from the ester enolate gives the start ing material 32), Ortho esters are usually used as the reagents. 

The lithium enolates of a-alkoxy esters exhibit high stereoselectivity, which is consistent with involvement of a chelated enolate.374 39 The chelated ester enolate is approached by the aldehyde in such a manner that the aldehyde R group avoids being between the a-alkoxy and methyl groups in the ester enolate. A syn product is favored for most ester groups, but this shifts to anti with extremely bulky groups. 

Entry 2 shows an E-enolate of a hindered ester reacting with an aldehyde having both an a-methyl and (3-methoxy group. The reaction shows a 13 1 preference for the Felkin approach product (3,4-syn) and is controlled by the steric effect of the a-methyl substituent. Another example of steric control with an ester enolate is found in a step in the synthesis of (-t-)-discodermolide.99 The E-enolate of a hindered aryl ester was generated using LiTMP and LiBr. Reaction through a Felkin TS resulted in syn diastereoselectivity for the hydroxy and ester groups at the new bond. 

These reactions accomplish the same overall synthetic transformation as the acylation of ester enolates, but use desulfurization rather than decarboxylation to remove the anion-stabilizing group. Dimethyl sulfone can be subjected to similar reaction sequences.232... 

Whereas reaction of the cyano-substituted indolizine 251 with a base results in the tf-fused product (Equation 34), the diester 255 reacts to give only the Afused product 256 <1987CL2043> (Equation 37). Similarly, when the acylindolizines 257 are prepared (Equation 38), very small amounts of the thienoindolizines are found in the product mixture. When such indolizines are substituted with both cyano and keto groups, treatment with a base gives a mixture of products resulting from reaction of the ester enolate with either of these electrophiles <1989BCJ119> (Equation 39). 

The method described here belongs to a group of recently developed procedures comprising the spontaneous intramolecular acylation of active derivatives of metalated p-hydroxy alkanoates. These compounds are available by reactions of carbonyl compounds with ester enolates prepared from S-phenyl alkanethioates6 or phenyl alkanoates,15 as well as by Reformatsky16 or Darzens17 reactions of carbonyl compounds with phenyl a-halo alkanoates. 

Diastereoselectivity in the aldol and the conjugate additions of 2 -hydroxy-1,T-binaphthyl ester enolates with a variety of carbonyl electrophiles has also been explored the tendency of the ester enolates, generated by BuLi, to react with aldehydes to give threo products preferentially with high diastereoselectivity has been interpreted in terms of an acyclic transition state of chelated lithium enolate involving the aldehyde carbonyl and the 2 -hydroxy group. 

Overview of the Databank. A profile of the Phase I databank of compounds is presented in Tables II-IV 202 of the 2652 permutations possible from 12 dione moieties, 13 aryl substitution patterns, and 17 different enol ester acyl groups constituted the Phase I dataset. The structures and data given below exemplify how activity varied with structure throughout the dataset. 

The ketone 73 was reduced chemo- and diastereoselectively and protected to provide the silyl ether 74. The ester function was then deprotonated to the corresponding ester enolate (75) that was alkylated with methyl iodide exclusively from the Re face of the enolate to afford the bicycle 76 (Scheme 11). The substrate for the retro-aldol reaction (77) was prepared by a sequence that consists of seven functional and protecting group transformations. The retro-aldol reaction converted the bicyclic yS-hydroxy ketone 77 into the 1,3-diketone 69 via the alkoxide (78) in very good yield. 

---