Establishing the Groundwork

The purpose of this section is to propose a systematic method of establishing (or upgrading) a system safety program for the following target audience  

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Enantiomerically pure homoallylic amines are very important chiral building blocks for the synthesis of pharmacologically important molecules and natural products. The enantioselective synthesis of these compounds initially involved the chiral auxiUary-based asymmetric allylation of imines [41a, 4lb, 41c], and it is just recently that a few enantioselective variants have been reported. Although still in the regime of stoichiometric asymmetric synthesis, the first methods described below merit discussion for their synthetic utility and for establishing the groundwork for future development. 

In this project, ADVISOR was used to simulate different fuel cell vehicle design scenarios and to quantify the impacts of several influential parameters. The effects of designing for a specific drive cycle were analyzed. Likewise, vehicle scenarios for optimal fuel economy were derived for vehicles with a range of fuel cell system performance attributes. These studies have established the groundwork for future studies to be performed based on existing and planned technology deliverables in the DOE Fuel Cells for Transportation Program. 

This simple experiment was important in that it clearly established the key notion that cellular extrusion of sodium ions by the sodium pump was coupled to metabolism. Because in this and subsequent experiments of the same sort the electrochemical gradient for sodium was known precisely, and since the fluxes of sodium (and later potassium) both into and out of the cell could be measured independently, this study also laid the groundwork for a theoretical definition of active transport, a theory worked out independently by Ussing in the flux ratio equation for transepithelial active transport of ions (see below). 

We have seen in Section 1.8 that under suitable conditions the performance of work can be related to a function of state, the energy. The question arises whether a similar option exists for the transfer of heat, again under suitable conditions. The answer is in the affirmative unfortunately, the correspondence is not so easily demonstrated. A fair amount of mathematical groundwork must be laid to establish the link between heat flow and a new function of state. Readers not interested in the mathematical niceties can assume the implication of the Second Law of Thermodynamics, namely that there does exist a function A which converts the inexact differential dQ into an exact differential through the relationship dQ/A — ds, where s is termed the empirical entropy function. The reader can then proceed to Section 1.13, beginning with Eq. (1.13.1), without loss of continuity. 

The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) was signed into law in 1970, and established a national policy to protect the environment, created a Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ), and required that environmental impact statements be prepared for major federal actions having a significant effect on the environment. The CEQ s efforts laid the groundwork for almost all current US environmental legislation. 

The cuppedophanes have cavities whose depth can easily be varied, and whose base and rim may contain functionality useful for binding. As yet, however, few binding studies have been carried out. It remains for the future to design cuppedophanes with specific geometries suitable for binding specific substrates. The syntheses are short, versatile, and the conformations of quite a few cuppedophanes are now well established, so that the groundwork for these future studies has been laid. 

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