Essential oils phellandrenes

Xanthoxylum piperitum DC Chuan Jian (fruit) Essential oils, phellandrene, limonene, citronellol, geraniol, and sanshol in fruit sesquiterpene lactones-xanthatin, limonene in seed saponin, citral, citronellol, geraniol in leaf berberine, xanthoxylinin root.49-430 Diaphoretic properties, prophylactic against hydrophobia, used as a diuretic, stomachic, carminative, stimulant, resolving inflammatory swellings, it is sedative. 

Tjganda Hlemi, from Canarimn, hiceinfw lhu, yields about 11 per eect. of essential oil of specific (Travitv () 84.5I and optical rotation + 9 20, It cootaiiis much phellandrene. 

Two isomeric terpenes are known under the name of phellandrene. Before the distinction between the two bodies was recognised, phellandrene had been discovered and reported in a number of essential oils, so that in many cases it is impossible at present to decide which isomer is that actually present in a ven oil. The two terpenes—still another case of the absurd nomenclature which has been retained for so many of the terpenes—are known as a-phellandrene and /3-phellandrene. The constitutions of the two hydrocarbons are probably as follows —... 

Many of the monoterpenes found in essential oils of plants also occur as pheromonal substances in insects (45,57-60) and are often involved in plant-insect interactions. Some compounds found both in plants and insects are the monoterpenes citronellal, cit-ronellol, geraniol, myrcene, citral, 6-phellandrene, limonene, 2-terpinolene, a-pinene, 6-pinene, 1,8-cineole, and verbenone. 

Zingiber officinale Roscoe China Essential oils, zingiberol, zingiberene, phellandrene, camphene, citral, linalool, methylheptenone, nonylaldehyde, d-bomeol, gingerol.53 Anti-inflammatory, stimulates gastric secretion. 

Earlier workers established the presence of a-pinene, (3-pinene, 1-a-phellandrene, dl-limonene, piperonal, dihydrocarveol, a compound melting at 161°C, P-caryophyllene and a piperidine complex from the essential oil obtained by steam distillation of ground Malabar pepper. The above compounds were identified by the classical methods of derivatization and degradation. They also reported the presence of epoxy dihydrocary-... 

Kaul et al. (2003) analysed essential oil profiles of various parts of cinnamon. The oil yields of different plant parts were 0.40% in tender twigs 0.36% in the pedicels of buds and flowers 0.04% in buds and flowers 0.33% in the pedicels of fruits and 0.32% in fruits. The tender twig oil was richer in a-phellandrene (3.4%), limonene (1.6%) and (E)-cinnamaldehyde (4%). The volatile oils from pedicels were richer in (EJ-cinnamyl acetate (58.1-64.5%), -caryophyllene (9.6-11.1%) and neryl acetate (1.4—2.0%). Higher amounts of (Z)-cinnamyl acetate (6.1%), a-humulene (2.2%),... 

African nutmeg (Monodora mynstica Dund Gaerth) seeds yielded 4.6% essential oil. The oil contained 75% monoterpene hydrocarbons (Table 9.9). The major components were a-phellandrene (50.4%), a-pinene (5.5%) and myrcene (4.35%). The oil contained 3% sesquiterpene hydrocarbons and oxygenated compounds such... 

In the essential oil, apart from cuminaldehyde, perilla aldehyde (4-(l-methyl-ethenyl)-l-cyclohexene-l-carboxaldehyde), cumin alcohol or 4-isopropylbenzyl alcohol, a-pinene and /3-pinene (21%), dipentene, p-cymene, /3-phellandrene and limonene (Fig. 11.1) have been reported by Baser et al. (1992). 

Many techniques are followed to identify and quantify the components of fennel essential oil. Krizman et al. (2006) developed a headspace-gas chromatography method for analysing the major volatile constituents in fennel fruits and leaves — a-pinene, a-phellandrene, limonene, fenchone, estragole and trans-anethole. 

The major constituents of parsley leaves are 1,3,8-p-menthatriene, followed by /)-phellandrene, myristicin and myrcene. Parsley accessions high in the specific constituents (percentage of essential oil)... 

Terpenes are the main constituents of the volatile essential oil of M. koenigii leaves, which are used for curry flavouring (MacLeod and Pieris, 1982). The oil of M. koenigii produces less than 4% of other components, with eight monoterpene hydrocarbons (about 16%) and 17 sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (about 80%). The major constituents responsible for aroma are P-caryophyllene, P-gurjunene, P-elemene, P-phellandrene and P-thujene (Kumar et al., 1999). The volatile oils from the leaves of six species of the genus Murraya have been studied by GC-MS and about 60 monoterpene and sesquiterpenes components were identified. From these results, and published... 

A pale olive green essential oil with a sharp, warm, woody spicy odour. Principal constituents are monoterpenes limonone (15-17%), sabinene (9-19%), (l-pinene (5-14%), a-pinene (2-11%), P-myrcene (1.5-2.5%), carene (0.2-14.0%), a-phellandrene (0.5-5.0%), sesquiterpenes P-caryphyllene (9-31%), P-bisabolene (0.1-5.1%) and p-farnescene (1-3%). Box 7.15 shows a chemical analysis and Box 7.16 is a material safety data sheet from a sup-... 

Composition The chemical composition of natural essential oils can be tremendously variable. A typical composition for this material may be 1,8-cineole 70-90°/o, with a-pinene, af-limonene, poro-cymene, a-phellandrene, camphene, a-terpinene. 

Main components In the fresh herb 0.5-1.5%, in the dried herb 0.05-0.35% essential oil, which contains up to 40% a-phellandrene, as well as limonene, carvone, and dill furan (dill ether, 3,8-epoxy-p-menth-l-en) as main components [86, 87, 88]. The latter should be present in a minimum of 5% as an indicator of pure herb oil ]89, 90]. 

The chemical constituents that have been identified in this plant are mainly essential oils and alkaloids. The seeds on steam distillation yielded an oil composed of 75 % monoterpene hydrocarbons, a few sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (3 %) and oxygenated compounds (70). The major constituents included a-phellandrene (50.4 %), a-pinene (5.5 %) and myrcene (4.35 %), germacrene-D-4-ol (9.5 %). Other compounds which were found were a-pinene, -2-carene, jO-caryophyllene, valencene, y-muurolol and carvacryl acetate. Ekundayo and Hammerschmidt (77) identified fifty three constituents of the essential oil from the seeds and found the principal constituent as p-cymene and linalool. Boyom et al. (72) have suggested that the leaves also produce essential oil made up of mostly sesquiterpenes with jO-caryophyllene as the major constituent. However, the apparently odorless leaves, stems and roots of the plant did not yield essential oils on steam distillation in our laboratory (unpublished data). Cimanga et al. (73) have shown that the essential oil from the seed is antibacterial. 

Anethum graveolens L. (Dill) The essential oil (3.3%) of the mature dried frait of this plant (33) contains mainly carvone and phellandrene. The oil (2.5-5%) from other countries has been reported to contain (5)-(+)-carvone (18-81%), dihydrocarvone (0.1 to 62%) and (R)-(+)-hmonene (10-50 %) (34). Dill is exotic to Kenya and the seeds are used as spices. Although the leaves are used in many countries, in Kenya they are rarely used. The oil has spasmolytic and antimicrobial effects (34). Dill water is a product containing this oil which is used as a carminative, antispasmodic and as gripe medicine for infants. 

Psidia punculata Vatke Analysis of the essential oil ( 0.5%) of P. punculata semi-dried leaves gave germacrene-D (27%), p-phellandrene (20%) and p-caiyophyllene (10%) as the major compounds 45). The leaf decoction of this plant is used for treatment of abdominal pains and colds (35). The Maasai use the leaves as an insecticide for fleas in sheep, goat kids and calves. The roots are used to treat gout (37). 

It also contains 0.5% essential oil containing chamazulene, thujone, thujol, and phellandrene its content and composition depend upon chmate, habitat and time of collection. 

Monocyclic monoterpene hydrocarbons occur in many essential oils and their by-products. They have relatively weak odours, although some add dryness and green notes to the oils containing them. This is particularly so for lime and petitgrain. D-Limonene (1) occurs in citrus oils whereas the L-isomer is found in pine. If limonene or other terpenes break down during processing to produce isoprene, then racemic limonene, dipentene, is found in the product as a result of the Diels-Alder reaction. Terpinolene (2) is the dehydration product of a-terpineol and so it is often present as an artefact. a-Phellandrene (3) occurs in eucalyptus oil. Since it is a 1,3-diene, it is an obvious precursor for Diels-Alder reactions and a number of speciality ingredients are... 

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