Espresso machine

Automatic espresso machines, high-tech coffee machines. .. 

Figure 14.3. Venturi-type nozzle from a commercial espresso machine, used in the formation of frothy milk.

One straightforward mechanism employed by the kidneys is good old-fashioned filtration. Water and small molecules are squeezed out of the blood by applying pressure, as in an espresso machine. The solution that comes through the filter (the coffee, as opposed to the grounds, in our espresso example) is called the filtrate. Red blood cells are too large to be filtered at this point and should stay out of the filtrate. Any red blood cells visible in urine indicate a possible leak in the lines and should be brought to the attention of a physician. 

Espresso machines have contained PEEK in steam contact components (boiler pins, steam faucets and filters) for some years. However, most food contact applications are found in food processing factories. PEEK is used in food conveyor belt chains because of its ability to survive high temperatures and aggressive cleaning regimes. Similarly PEEK fabrics woven from fibres by companies such as Sefar are used... 

Espresso machine steam faucet SAECO Steam and hydrolysis resistance, cleaning fluid resistance... 

Note that Eq. (3) implies that the CTQ variables can be expressed either in terms of the process states, inputs and process parameters, or, more commonly, in terms of the process outputs. More generally, the process/product design involves not only the selection of continuous parameters, such as the steam pressure and total surface area of the coffee filter in the novel espresso machine, but also the structure of the product or process itself, commonly expressed mathematically in terms of binary operators. For the design of the espresso machine, these parameters could represent alternative configurations of the steam generation device or whether to permit one or two coffee filters to be positioned in the machine. 

Today, the coffee industry is globally situated, employing more than 20 million people. As a commodity, coffee ranks second only to petroleum in dollars traded worldwide. Furthermore, coffee is the most popular beverage in the world, with over 400 billion cups consumed annually. Espresso, a recent iiuiovation in the preparation of coffee, obtained its origin in 1822, with the innovation of the first crude espresso machine in France, later perfected and first manufactured in Italy. Espresso has become an integral part of Italian life and culture, with currently over 200,000 espresso bars in Italy. 

The possible variance in item (e) can be reduced by installing a pressure-control loop, to ensure that the pressure is maintained between its required UCL and LCL. The controller activates an indicator light to signal when the pressure level is stabilized, providing normal operation. Assuming that the first four items are handled correctly, the size of the portafilter should be determined to produce a perfect espresso cup of coffee, thus taking care of item (f) above. In some machines, a solenoid valve is installed to dispense a precise amount of nearboiling hot water. Note, however, that items (a) to (d) above constitute sources of variance that are not under the control of the manufacturer of the espresso machine, as described above. 

Fig. 11. A typical espresso machine (A) pressure vessel, (B) portafilter holding ground coffee, (C) on/off switch, with built in pressure indicator, (D) solenoid valve for espresso coffee, (E) cup holding leached espresso coffee.

In domestic and leisure applications, POM is used for parts in sanitary fittings, curtain hooks, buckles, clips, guide rollers for audio and video tape cassettes, cutlery baskets for dishwashers, kettles, tea and coffee makers, espresso machines, window and door mountings, inserts for dishwashers, parts for vacuum cleaners, pastille dispensers, parts for garden sprinkler systems and plumbing fittings. 

---