ESI-fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance

Hofstadler, S.A. Griffey, R.H. Pasa-Tolic, R. Smith, R.D. The Use of a Stable Internal Mass Standard for Accurate Mass Measurements of Oligonucleotide Fragment Ions Using ESI Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance-MS With Infrared Multiphoton Dissociation. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 1998,12, 1400-1404. 

To benefit general readers, the discussion has been limited to methodologies that are accessible to nonspecialists and that can be carried out on commercially available spectrometers without special modifications. The chapter illustrates the principles of mass spectrometry by demonstrating how various techniques [MALDI, ESI, Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR), ion traps, and tandem mass spectrometry (MS-MS)] work. It also provides examples of utilizing mass spectrometry to solve biological and biochemical problems in the field of protein analysis, protein folding, and noncovalent interactions of protein-DNA complexes. 

Martin, S.E., Shabanowitz, J., Hunt et al. (2000) Subfemtomole MS and MS/MS peptide sequence analysis using nano-HPLC micro-ESI Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem., 72,4266-74. 

In addition to H and NMR analysis, TLC coupled in an offline manner with electrospray mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and high-resolution ESI Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR) MS for isolation and characterization of two novel lupane triterpenoids from Paullinia pinnata L. 6P-(3 -methoxy-4 -hydroxybenzoyl)-lup-20(29)-ene-one and 6P-(3 -methoxy-4 -hydroxybenzoyl)-lup-20(29)-ene-ol, which are suspected to play a crucial role in the plant s wound healing effects [32]. The extract from Paullinia pinnata L. was subjected to an exhaustive isolation procedure starting with two consecutive column chromatography purifications on silica gel different ratios of chloroform-methanol were used as eluent. The triterpenoid-containing fraction was purified on preparative silica gel TLC plate with chloroform-methanol (9 1, v/v) as a developing solvent. The two resulting lupane bands were finally submitted to MS analyses. 

Unimolecular fragmentation processes studied by MS are of achiral nature, and consequently insensitive to chirality differences. A key procedure for chiral recognition using MS is to add a chiral component to the process and detect the possibly different diastereoiso-meric interactions under a variety of conditions (Cl, FAB, electrospray ionization (ESI), Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR), CID). 

Currently PCR and mass spectrometry are performed by two separate instruments. However, there is no reason why PCR followed by simple automated cleanup and mass spectrometry cannot be incorporated into a single integrated instrument. Essentially every configuration of the modern ESI mass spectrometer has been used successfully for the analysis of PCR products, from the highest to the lowest resolution involving. Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR), triple quadrupole, quadrupole-time of flight (Q-TOF), and ion trap.22-24 MS discriminates between two structurally related PCR products by MW difference. Mass accuracy is needed to differentiate the... 

It should be pointed out that FAB, MALDI, and ESI can be used to provide ions for peptide mass maps or for microsequencing and that any kind of ion analyzer can support searches based only on molecular masses. Fragment or sequence ions are provided by instruments that can both select precursor ions and record their fragmentation. Such mass spectrometers include ion traps, Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance, tandem quadrupole, tandem magnetic sector, several configurations of time-of-flight (TOF) analyzers, and hybrid systems such as quadrupole-TOF and ion trap-TOF analyzers. 

DGE a AC AMS APCI API AP-MALDI APPI ASAP BIRD c CAD CE CF CF-FAB Cl CID cw CZE Da DAPCI DART DC DE DESI DIOS DTIMS EC ECD El ELDI EM ESI ETD eV f FAB FAIMS FD FI FT FTICR two-dimensional gel electrophoresis atto, 10 18 alternating current accelerator mass spectrometry atmospheric pressure chemical ionization atmospheric pressure ionization atmospheric pressure matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization atmospheric pressure photoionization atmospheric-pressure solids analysis probe blackbody infrared radiative dissociation centi, 10-2 collision-activated dissociation capillary electrophoresis continuous flow continuous flow fast atom bombardment chemical ionization collision-induced dissociation continuous wave capillary zone electrophoresis dalton desorption atmospheric pressure chemical ionization direct analysis in real time direct current delayed extraction desorption electrospray ionization desorption/ionization on silicon drift tube ion mobility spectrometry electrochromatography electron capture dissociation electron ionization electrospray-assisted laser desorption/ionization electron multiplier electrospray ionization electron transfer dissociation electron volt femto, 1CT15 fast atom bombardment field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry field desorption field ionization Fourier transform Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance... 

Magnetic sector instruments (Chap. 4.3) were used first to demonstrate the beneficial effects of resolution on ESI spectra of biomolecules. [96,103,104] Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR, Chap. 4.6) instruments followed. [105-107] The more recently developed orthogonal acceleration of time-of-flight (oaTOF, Chap. 4.2 and 4.7) analyzers also present an effective means to resolve all or at least most peaks. [108-110]... 

In 1974, Comarisov and Marshall60 developed Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR-MS). This technique allows mass spectrometric measurements at ultrahigh mass resolution (R = 100000-1000000), which is higher than that of any other type of mass spectrometer and has the highest mass accuracy at attomole detection limits. FTICR-MS is applied today together with soft ionization techniques, such as nano ESI (electrospray ionization) or MALDI (matrix assisted laser/desorption ionization) sources. 

Thus the interpretation of ESI-MS spectra of POPAM dendrimers recorded on an FT-ICR (Fourier-Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance) mass spectrometer leads to drastic overestimation of defects in the sample molecules (Fig. 7.4). The... 

In recent years the application of electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry, quadrupole time-of-flight (QqTOF) mass spectrometry, and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) are used for further structural characterization of DOM (Kujawinski et al., 2002 Kim et al., 2003 Stenson et al., 2003 Koch et al., 2005 Tremblay et al., 2007 Reemtsma et al., 2008). MS/MS capabilities provide the screening for selected ions, and FT-ICR allows exact molecular formula determination for selected peaks. In addition, SEC can be coupled to ESI and FTICR-MS to study different DOM fractions. Homologous series of structures can be revealed, and many pairs of peaks differ by the exact masses of -H2, -O, or -CH2. Several thousand molecular formulas in the mass range of up to more than 600 Da can be identified and reproduced in element ratio plots (O/C versus H/C plots). Limitations of ESI used by SEC-MS are shown by These and Reemtsma (2003). 

Technological advances of ion-trap mass spectrometers are the ultrahigh-resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) and the recently released technique, the Orbitrap Fourier transform mass spectrometry (Hu et al., 2005), which enable the determination of molecular formulae with a high mass resolution and mass accuracy in mixtures. Today these ion-trap mass spectrometers are most frequently coupled with atmospheric pressure ionization (API) techniques such as electrospray ionization (ESI) (e.g., Fievre et al., 1997 Qian et al., 2001 Kujawinski et al., 2002 Llewelyn et al., 2002 Stenson et al., 2002,2003 Fard et al., 2003) or matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) (e.g., Solouki et al.,... 

Lipid droplets Extraction to methanol and MTBE, fractionation with HILIC-HPLC HPLC (C18) MS ESI hybrid linear ion trap Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance 35 (40)... 

Figure 24 Electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (ESI-FT-ICR) mass spectrum of Pb(N03)2 solution.

Chiral recognition by calixarenes in the gas phase is virtually unknown.458-460 To date, only few very recent gas-phase studies on this subject can be retrieved from the literature, i.e., (i) a gas-phase study on the displacement of several amino acids from the chiral amido4resorcinarene 9 (Scheme 9) carried out by Speranza and coworkers using an electrospray-ionization Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance (ESI-FT-ICR) mass spectrometer,461 462 and (ii) Lebrilla and coworkers study on the ability of the achiral calix[4]arene 7 and calix[6]arene 8 to form inclusion complexes with natural amino acids under matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) conditions.459... 

Modes of MS ionization are El, Cl, FAB, PDI, MALDI and ESI and major MS analysers include time-of-llight (TOE) quadmpole ion-trap (QIT) Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR) and orbitrap. 

Fourier transform Ion cyclotron resonance ESI, APCl, MALDl, E1,C1 0.1-5 >1,500,000 -250,000 Very high resolution, high-accuracy m/z analysis LC/MS, nanoLC/MS, and MALDl... 

A dual-iidet ESI source, the LockSpray , was introduced by Waters, based on the rotating aperture of the MUX-source, for the co-introduction of a reference compoimd to act as a lock-mass for accurate-mass determination [65-66]. Dual-inlet devices to introduce a lock-mass compound have also been reported for sector [67] and Fourier-transform ion-cyclotron resonance MS (FT-ICR-MS) instruments [68]. 

There are several instrumental MS methods that can be used to obtain sequence information from proteins and peptides. ESI-triple-quadrupole is frequently used this configuration produces a reasonable number of fragments, the resolution is usually sufficient and the equipment is relatively inexpensive. With this MS/MS configuration, peptides up to 2500 Da can be analyzed. A MALDI with a TOF reflectron and Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance mass analyzers are also beginning to be used.21... 

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