Erythrocytes glycolysis

M21. Minakami, S Suzuki, C., Saito, T., and Yoshikawa, H., Studies on erythrocyte glycolysis. I. Determination of the glycolytic intermediates in human erythrocytes. J. Biochem. 58, 543-550 (1965). 

Harrison, M.L., Rathinavelu, P., Arese, P., Geahlen, R.L., Low, P.S. (1991). Role of band three tyrosine phosphorylation in regulation of erythrocyte glycolysis. J. Biol. Chem. 266,4106-4111. Henderson, L.M. Chappell, J.B. (1992). The NADPH oxidase associated H+ channel is opened by arachidonate. Biochem. J. 283, 171-175. 

Dramatic change in erythrocytes is characterized by the marked increase in DHAP and in a much lesser increase in fructose-1,6-bisphosphate levels [78, 81]. An inverse relationship between TPI activity and DHAP concentration was detected in all TPI-deficient patients. Computer models were evaluated to simulate this inverse relationship in normal and deficient red blood cells [82-84]. However, the low TPI activity-derived DHAP accumulation was not supported by the previous models unless a very low TPI activity was introduced which was not supported by experimental data [82, 84]. Recently, a realistic model of human erythrocyte glycolysis was elaborated on the basis of experimentally determined kinetic parameters [81]. It was shown that the mutation-derived activity... 

Minakami, S., Yoshikawa, H. Thermodynamic considerations on erythrocyte glycolysis. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 18, 345-349 (1965)... 

B9. Bosia, A., Pescarmona, G., and Arese, P., Erythrocyte glycolysis abnormalities in human myodystrophy. In Muscle Diseases, Proc. Int. Congr., Milan, 1969 (J. N. Walton, N. Canal, and G. Scarlato, eds.), pp. 309-312. Excerpta Med. Found., Amsterdam, 1970. 

In the erythrocyte, glycolysis, the pentose phosphate pathway, and the metabolism of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (Chapter 28) are the predominant pathways of carbohydrate metabolism. Glycolysis supplies ATP for membrane ion pumps and NADH for reoxidation of methemoglobin. The pentose phosphate pathway supplies NADPH to... 

Another phase of the search for non-behavioral differences between schizophrenics and non-schizophrenics is concerned with protein fractions. HeathS has reviewed his proposal that a protein fraction obtained from schizophrenics and called taraxein may be an antibody to brain tissue and schizophrenia may thus be an auto-immune disease. There is an antibody in human plasma that causes stimulation of chicken erythrocyte glycolysis. Ryan, et al.,32 vere unable to verify a reported quantitative difference between schizophrenic and normal serum in producing this effect. The level of Si9 macroglobulins also proved to be uncorrelated with schizophrenia.33 Conditioned responses in rats were unaffected by injection of schizophrenic serum.3 ... 

Gl. Gajods, M., and Dzurik, R Erythrocyte glycolysis in uraemia dynamic balance caused by the opposite action of various factors. Int. J. Urol. Nephrol. 5, 331-336 (1973). 

The phosphorylation of hexose (catalyzed by hexokinase) is the rate>limiting step for erythrocyte glycolysis. This step is inhibited by oxidized glutathione (GSSC) and 2,3-DPG. In addition, hexokinase activity declines as the age of the erydiro-... 

There is some limited evidence that antimony can affect glycolysis pathways. In vitro studies have demonstrated antimony s ability to inhibit the enzyme phospho-fructokinase, an enzyme that affects erythrocyte glycolysis (Poon and Chu 2000). Previous in vivo studies by the same research group had observed increased levels of antimony in the erythrocytes of rats treated with potassium antimony tartrate for 90 days in drinking water compared to untreated controls (Poon et al. 1998). In humans, there are no published studies available that have examined incidence of Type II diabetes and urinary levels of antimony in NHANES survey participants. 

According to some investigators, uremic toxins affect erythrocytes [110] several groups of investigators have described abnormalities of cell metabolism in uremic erythrocytes. However, the results are very controversial. Both increased and decreased erythrocyte glycolysis have been found and an increase of reduced-glutathione concentration and G-6-PD activity have been noted in erythrocytes from uremic subjects. 

In an erythrocyte undergoing glycolysis, what would be the effect of a sudden increase in the concentration of... 

If P-labeled inorganic phosphate were introduced to erythrocytes undergoing glycolysis, would you expect to detect P in glycolytic intermediates If so, describe the relevant reactions and the P incorporation yon would observe. 

Figure 17-1. Summary of glycolysis. 0, blocked by anaerobic conditions or by absence of mitochondria containing key respiratory enzymes, eg, as in erythrocytes.

This is true of skeletal muscle, particularly the white fibers, where the rate of work output—and therefore the need for ATP formation—may exceed the rate at which oxygen can be taken up and utilized. Glycolysis in erythrocytes, even under aerobic conditions, always terminates in lactate, because the subsequent reactions of pymvate are mitochondrial, and erythrocytes lack mitochondria. Other tissues that normally derive much of their energy from glycolysis and produce lactate include brain, gastrointestinal tract, renal medulla, retina, and skin. The liver, kidneys, and heart usually take up... 

In Erythrocytes, the First Site in Glycolysis for ATP Generation May Be Bypassed... 

Lactate is the end product of glycolysis under anaerobic conditions (eg, in exercising muscle) or when the metabolic machinery is absent for the further oxidation of pyruvate (eg, in erythrocytes). 

In erythrocytes, the first site in glycolysis for generation of ATP may be bypassed, leading to the formation of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate, which is important in decreasing the affinity of hemoglobin for Oj. 

Erythrocytes Transport of O2 1 Glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway. No mitochondria and therefore no p-oxidation or citric acid cycle. Glucose Lactate 1 (Hemoglobin) ... 

B2. Barron, E. S. G., and Harrop, G. A., The effect of methylene blue and other dyes upon the glycolysis and lactic acid formation of mammalian and avian erythrocytes. J. Biol. Chetn. 79, 65-87 (1028). 

R. Heinrich, H. G. Holzhiitter, and S. Schuster, A theoretical approach to the evolution and structural design of enzymatic networks linear enzymatic chains, branched pathways and glycolysis of erythrocytes. Bull. Math Biol. 49(5), 539 595 (1987). 

R. van Wijk and W. W. van Solinge, The energy less red blood cell is lost Erythrocyte enzyme abnormalities of glycolysis. Blood 106(13), 4034 4042 (2005). 

T. A. Rapoport, R. Heinrich, and S. M. Rapoport, The regulatory principles of glycolysis in erythrocytes in vivo and in vitro, a minimal comprehensive model describing steady states, quasi steady states and time dependent processes. Biochem J. (1976). 

The red blood cell has no mitochondria and is totally dependent on anaerobic glycolysis for ATP. In pyruvate kinase deficiency, the decrease in ATP causes the erythrocyte to lose its characteristic biconcave shape and signals its destruction in the spleen. In addition, decreased ion pumping by Na /K -ATPase results in loss of ion balance and causes osmotic fragility, leading to swelling and lysis. 

Erythrocytes There are several important roles of glycolysis in these cells, in addition to generation of ATP. 

The NADPH is produced from glucose 6-phosphate in the first three reactions in the pentose phosphate pathway (see below). Hence the pentose phosphate pathway is essential in the erythrocyte and glycolysis provides the substrate glucose 6-phosphate. Individuals with a reduced amount of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase can suffer from oxidative damage to their cells and hence haemolysis. 

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