Erythrocytes cells

The erythrocyte cell is surrounded by a membrane called the plasmalemma, which consists of equal weights of lipid (major components phospholipids,... 

It is apparent from the studies of Gydell et al. (N8), and of Brus and Lewis (B12) that anhaptoglobinemia is common in subjects with twice the normal turnover rate of the erythrocyte cell mass. 

Because cholinesterase inhibition is a very sensitive biomarker for other chemicals, it is not always conclusive evidence of disulfoton exposure. However, depression of cholinesterase activity can alert a physician to the possibility of more serious neurological effects. Erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase activity more accurately reflects the degree of synaptic cholinesterase inhibition in nervous tissue, while serum cholinesterase activity may be associated with other sites (Goldfrank et al. 1990). In addition, a recent study showed that after rats received oral doses of disulfoton for 14 days, acetylcholinesterase levels in circulating lymphocytes correlated better with brain acetylcholinesterase activity than did erythrocyte cell cholinesterase activities during exposure (Fitzgerald and Costa 1993). However, recovery of the activity in lymphocytes was faster than the recovery of activity in the brain, which correlated better with the activity in erythrocytes. Animal studies have also demonstrated that brain acetylcholinesterase depression is a sensitive indicator of neurological effects (Carpy et al. 1975 Costa et al. 1984 Schwab and Murphy 1981 Schwab et al. 1981, 1983) however, the measurement of brain acetylcholinesterase in humans is too invasive to be practical. 

Another group of non-histone proteins have been identified as essential components for the formation of the condensed chromosome (Table 1). Topoisomerase II (topo II) localizes in the scaffold/matrix fraction of the interphase nuclear (Berrios et al., 1985) and the mitotic chromosome (Maeshima and Laemmli, 2003) (see section 3.1). Topo II forms a ring-shaped homodimer (Berger et al, 1996 Nettikadan et al, 1998) and catalyzes the decatenation and relaxation of DNA double strand (Wang, 2002). In fission yeast, chromosomes cannot be condensed without functional topo II (Uemura et al, 1987). In addition, in in vitro experiment, mitotic extracts containing topo II induce chromatin condensation in the isolated nuclei from HeLa and chicken erythrocyte cells (Adachi et al., 1991). 

Oquendo P., Hundt E., Lawler J. and Seed B. (1989) CD36 directly mediates cytoadherence of Plasmodium falciparum parasitized erythrocytes. Cell 58, 95-101. 

B. transport of glucose across erythrocyte cell wall... 

Application of FT-ICR-MS for on-hne capillary electrophoresis-MS (CE-MS), e.g., in the analysis of single cells [78]. A erythrocyte cell was lysed in a CE colunm. The a- and P-chaitrs of hemoglobin, ca. 450 amol present in the cell, were detected with isotopic resolution. 

Tile usefulness of amphotericin B is limited by a high prevalence of adverse reactions. Nearly 80% of patient-treated with amphotericin B develop nephrotoxicity. Fever headache, anorexia, gastrointestinal distress, malaise, and muscle and joint pain arc common. Pain at the site of injection and thrombophlebitis are frequent complications of intravenous administration. The drug must never be administered intramuscularly. The hemolytic activity of amphotericin B may be a consequence of its ability to Icadi cholesterol from erythrocyte cell membranes. 

Oquendo P, Hundt E, Lawler J, Seed B (1989) CD36 directly mediates cytoadherence of Plasmodium falciparum parasitized erythrocytes. Cell 58 95-101 Pittman DW, Labban CE, Anderson AA, O Connor HE (2006) Linoleic and oleic acids alter the licking responses to sweet, salt, sour, and bitter tastants in rats. Chem Senses 31 835-843 Pittman D, Crawley ME, Corbin CH, Smith KR (2007) Chorda tympani nerve transection impairs the gustatory detection of free fatty acids in male and female rats. Brain Res 1151 74-83... 

Arese, P., Turrini, F., and Schwarzer, E. (2005). Band 3/complement-mediated recognition and removal of normally senescent and pathological human erythrocytes. Cell Physiol. Biochem. 16,133-146. 

Gruenberg, J., Allred, D. R., and Sherman, I. W. (1983). Scanning electron microscope-analysis of the protrusions (knobs) present on the surface of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes.. Cell Biol. 97,795-802. 

Smith, J. D., Chitnis, C. E., Craig, A. G., Roberts, D. J., Hudson-Taylor, D. E., Peterson, D. S., Pinches, R., Newbold, C. I., and Miller, L. H. (1995). Switches in expression of Plasmodium falciparum var genes correlate with changes in antigenic and cytoadherent phenotypes of infected erythrocytes. Cell 82,101-110. 

Su, X. Z., Heatwole, V. M., Wertheimer, S. P., Guinet, F., Herrfeldt, J. A., Peterson, D. S., Ravetch, J. A., and Wellems, T. E. (1995). The large diverse gene family var encodes proteins involved in cytoadherence and antigenic variation of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes. Cell 82,89-100. 

FIGURE 5-3 Variation in biomembranes in different cell types, (a) A smooth, flexible membrane covers the surface of the discoid erythrocyte cell, (b) Tufts of cilia (Cl) project from the ependymal cells that line the brain ventricles, (c) Many nerve axons are enveloped in a myelin sheath composed of multiple layers of modified plasma membrane. The individual myelin layers can be seen in this electron micrograph of a cross section of an axon (AX). The myelin sheath is formed by an adjacent supportive (glial) cell (SC). [Parts (a) and (b) from R. G. Kessel and R. H. Kardon, 1979, Tissues and Organs A Text-Atlas oT Scanning Electron Microscopy, W. H. Freeman and Company. Part (c) from P C. Cross and K. L. Mercer, 1993, Cell and Tissue Ultrastructure A Functional Perspective, W. FI. Freeman and Company, p. 137]... 

Glycophorins are integral erythrocyte cell membrane proteins, which apparently serve a variety of functions. Each of the glycophorin proteins has an external carbohydrate-carrying domain, and the surface carbohydrates may be involved in cell recognition. There is also evidence that glycophorin C interacts with the peripheral protein 4.1 via its intracellular domain. 

LPC is known to cause hemolysis. This is because LPC incorporates very easily in the erythrocyte cell membrane and weakens the erythrocyte itself. However, this hemolysis depends on the level of LPC concentration. Under low-LPC concentration, hemolysis will not occur. We evaluated the deformability of the erythrocytes when treated with low-concentration DHA-LPC and the DHA-PC by measuring the flow speed of the erythrocytes going through a microchannel array called MC fan (Hosokawa et al. 1995, Nojima et al. 1995). As comparison, flow speed of soy PC-and LPC-incorporated erythrocytes was also measured. 

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