Attribution errors

The error attributed to the determination of the NHV (calorimetric measurement, determination of hydrogen content, and final calculation) is satisfactory with a repeatability of 0.3% and a reproducibility of 0.4%. 

Figure 2. Histogram of CVT (estimated coefficient of variation of net error attributable to sampling and analysis) for 310 methods...

As discussed above, the greatest source of error in NIR calibration is usually reference laboratory error, sample nonhomogeneity, and nonrepresentative sampling in the learning (training) set or calibration set population. Instrument quality and equation selection account for only a fraction of the variance or error attributable to NIR analytical technique in current routine application. 

The material balances, which now account for over 100% of most of the samples (Table II), reflect the difficulty in removing the last portion of the solvent from the insoluble fraction. As the insoluble fraction increases, the error attributable to solvent retention becomes more apparent. 

The initial deviation of the observed rate from the ideal curve complicates calculation of D from the half-time of sorption or desorption since it would be difficult to locate the start of the ideal diflEusion process. However, D values obtained in this manner should still prove useful in assessing the eflFects of various treatments on the same substrate (e.g., skin) since the relative error attributable to the initial non-equilibrium conditions in the sample chamber will be the same. When D is calculated in this way and the start of the diflEusion process is referenced to t = 0 (i.e. the time required to achieve 50% uptake or loss is referenced to... 

To summarize, the computational aspects of confidence intervals involve a point estimate of the population parameter, some error attributed to sampling, and the amount of confidence (or reliability) required for interpretation. We have illustrated the general framework of the computation of confidence intervals using the case of the population mean. It is important to emphasize that interval estimates for other parameters of interest will require different reliability factors because these depend on the sampling distribution of the estimator itself and different calculations of standard errors. The calculated confidence interval has a statistical interpretation based on a probability statement. 

A more quantitative assessment of the errors attributable to thickness variations comes from work by Rancourt et al. (1994a) on a synthetic annite with an ideal thickness of 53 mg Fe/cm. They compared their annite spectrum with simulated spectra for variable thicknesses, and calculated representative Fe mg Fe/cm, 11.5% at 61 mg Fe/cm results of applying the full thickness correction procedure of Rancourt (1989) yielded the same site-specific relative doublet areas as those obtained from the raw spectra. 

Considering the low C3A content one should remember that the resistance of this phase in marine enviromnent depends on polymorph, which is present in cement clinker [286], Cement with cubic C3A gives more ettringite than chloroaluminate hydrates in sea water, while the inverse behaviour is observed in the case of cement with rhombohedral or monochnic C3A. Beside of the errors attributed to the Bogue calculation method, the occmrence of various C3A polymorphs can be the source of inadequate correlation between the C3 A content and resistance of concrete to the attack of aggressive solutions. 

The error in accurate mass measuronents is composed of two components the error attributable to the measurement itselfi such as the distortion caused by an isobaric interference, and the error arising from instrument design and manufacturing tolerances. Examples include how effectively ions can be focused and the quality of power supplies. 

The backscatter/air-gap devices constitute a variant of the previous ones in order to eliminate the possibility of errors attributed to the surface roughness. 

TOTAL SYSTEM ACCURACY. By totalizing the errors attributed by each individual source, the total system accuracy is determined for a maximum flow rate of 3500 gpm, as shown in Table I. The maximum system error is seen to be 0.28. A more practical method of evaluation of the total system error is obtained as the root mean square value of the total system errors. The rms system accuracy for aflowrateof 3500gpmof liquidoxygen is found to be 0.16%. 

Finally, there is an urgent and growing demand for analytical chemists and engineers skilled in producing reliable chemical sensors delivering results that are not only reproducible but also accurate (free of systematic errors attributable to interferences from the various sample matrices). 

The results of this preliminary investigation accorded with historical perspectives and recent sport coaching interventions of the critical nature and immediacy of mental state changes on performance. The person focused approach must be seen to be timely given the magnitude and frequency of human error attributed to incidents. The economy and utility of an intervention that operates in a one-to-many relationship such as the recoveiy of SA process (one technique that addresses many types of situations), is an attractive prospect to that of the present many-to-many (a specific procedure to deal with each situation) approach in safety training. 

Table 16-3. Percent of primary crash-causing human errors attributed to the riders and the drivers in the MAIDS (ACEM, 2004).

Monitoring of systems feedback provides an opportunity for error detection and recovery when there is a mismatch between detected and observed outcome of an action. Human errors are not easily detected in complex systems. There may be a significant time lag between action and observed effects that makes detection difficult. The effects of human actions may be masked by actions taken by the technical control system. Biased error attribution on the part of the operator may also impede error recovery. Co-workers and supervisors are important resources for error recovery in this context. There are, however, some important preconditions for colleagues and supervisors to be able to contribute. They must co-operate closely with the erring operator to be able to observe performance and distinguish between erroneous and correct acts. There must also be a climate of trust and willingness to correct each other s behaviour. 

OPEN JDK STATUS.ERROR, NAMEJRROR. MODE.ERROR) attribute FOREIGN STRING ... 

It could also interact with regulatory bodies outside the shipping industry, responsible for land-based operations, and share the relevant data of non-compliance with established safety and quality standards for shore-based industries. This would eliminate a considerable percentage of errors attributable to factors not related to container shipping. 

This example shows that many uncertainties and impacts are associated with the sample preparation process. Another source of uncertainty is error attributable to the autosampler. For example, does the autosampler inject an exact volume of 1.000 oL when it is programmed to inject 1 pL Probably not. 

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