Equivalent-forms reliability

Interrater reliability and equivalent-forms reliability are two other approaches to reliability assessment that are not used as commonly in QOL research. More in-depth discussions of these and the other reliability assessment methods are found elsewhere. ... 

Reliability means that scores from an instrument are stable and consistent. Scores should be nearly the same when the researchers administer the instrument multiple times on different occasions. Reliability estimates provide researchers with an idea of how much variation to expect, measured in terms of the reliability coefficient that ranges from 0.00 to 1.00, with no negative values (Fraenkel Wallen, 2006). The three best-known ways to obtain a reliability coefficient are the test-retest method, the equivalent-form method, and the internal-consistency method ... 

The equivalent-form method is used when two different but equivalent forms of an instrument are administered to the same group of individuals during the same time. A reliability coefficient is then calculated between the two sets of scores obtained. 

The process for drug B has been shown to operate within narrow limits and yield finished dosage forms that are therapeutically equivalent, as measured by standard product release criteria. There is no reason to believe subsequent batches will perform differently as long as all conditions remain static. Despite this generally favorable prognosis, additional work is necessary to provide the assurance of process reliability expected today. 

The reaction of azide ions with carbocations is the basis of the azide clock method for estimating carbocation lifetimes in hydroxylic solvents (lifetime = 1 lkiy where lq, is the first-order rate constant for attack of water on the carbocation) this is analogous to the radical clock technique discussed in Chapter 10. In the present case, a rate-product correlation is assumed for the very rapid competing product-forming steps of SN1 reactions (Scheme 2.24). Because the slow step of an SN1 reaction is formation of a carbocation, typical kinetic data do not provide information about this step. Furthermore, the rate constant for the reaction of azide ion with a carbocation (kaz) is assumed to be diffusion controlled (ca. 5 x 109 M 1 s 1). The rate constant for attack by water can then be obtained from the mole ratio of azide product/solvolysis product, and the molar concentrations of azide (Equation 2.18, equivalent to Equation 2.14) [48]. The reliability of the estimated lifetimes was later... 

Steam sterilization is the method mostly used to sterilize freeze-dryers. High-quality, ultra-pure steam (water for injection standard USP XXII or PhEur equivalent) is used to achieve a minimum exposure of 121 °C for 30 min or the equivalent temperature-time combination for effective sterilization (Table 2.4.1). This method is easy to validate and is recommended by regulatory authorities as being reliable. The definition of sterilization is a validated process used to render a product surface free of all forms of viable micro-organisms (EN 556-1 2001). According to the authorities, a product or surface is only sterile when a validated sterilization process has been applied (EN 550, EN 552, EN 554, EN ISO 14160 and EN ISO 14937). 

Tabic l.l gives those crystal data for the C,S polymorphs that have been obtained using single crystal methods. The literature contains additional unit cell data, based only on powder diffraction evidence. Some of these may be equivalent to ones in Table 1.1, since the unit ceil of a monoclinic or triclinic crystal can be defined in different ways, but some are certainly incorrect. Because only the stronger reflections are recorded, and for other reasons, it is not possible to determine the unit cells of these complex structures reliably by powder methods. The unit cells of the T, Mj and R forms are superficially somewhat different, but all three are geometrically related transformation matrices have been given (12,HI). 

Altschul et al. (1, 2) originally discovered that cytochrome c peroxidase reacts with a stoichiometric amount of hydroperoxide to form a red peroxide compound, which will be referred to hereafter as Compound ES. It has a distinct absorption spectrum, as shown in Fig. 2. The formation of Compound ES from the enzyme and hydroperoxides is very rapid (fci > 10 10 sec"M. No intermediate, which precedes Compound ES, has been thus far detected. In the absence of reductants, or S2, Compound ES is highly stable. The rate constant of its spontaneous decay is of the order of 10 sec 22). The primary peroxide compound (Compound I) of horseradish peroxidase decays much faster at a rate of 10 sec (6). This unusual stability of Compound ES allows one to determine various physical and chemical parameters quantitatively and reliably. Titrations of Compound ES with reductants such as ferrocjHio-chrome c Iff, 20) and ferrocyanide 18, 34) have established that Compound ES is two oxidizing equivalents above the original ferric nnzyme. The absorption spectrum of Compound ES is essentially identical to that of Compound II of horseradish peroxidase which contains one oxidizing equivalent per mole in the form of Fe(IV). In addition, EPR examinations have revealed that Compound ES contains a stable free radical, the spin concentration of which is approximately one equivalent per mole (Fig. 3). Therefore, it is reasonable to conclude that two oxidiz-... 

A reliable method for titrating coin inercial alkyllithium reagents such n-BuLi,. scc-BuLi, and f-BuLi is with pivolyl-o-toluidine in THF. The first equivalent of the alkyllithium reacts with pivolyl-o-toluidine to generate a colorless monoanion. The endpoint of the titration is achieved with the next drop of the alkyllithium solution which rnctal lates the benzylic position of the aryl species to form a yellow to yellow/orange dianion. 

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