Equivalence limits

I Dose equivalent limit-s tor lens of eye, skin and extremities 50 5... 

The quantum-classical limit h —> h, I12 — 0 can be replaced by the equivalent limit heg — 0 in which the new effective Planck constant appears. The representation of the group becomes... 

Experts suggest that we can be confident that any change of less than 6 g/1 will have no practical consequences. This allows us to establish lower and upper equivalence limits at —6 and +6 g/1. For the purposes of this discussion, we will assume that these patients tend to be somewhat anaemic, so a reduction of greater than 6 g/1 would be detrimental and a similar sized increase would be beneficial. Between these possibilities, there is a zone of equivalence (we are confident the patient will be neither better nor worse). 

Equivalence limits should be set before experimental work begins. It is very difficult to decide objectively where equivalence limits should be placed if you already know the experimental results and what the consequence would be of placing the limits at any particular level. 

However, there is still the question of where we are going to put those pesky equivalence limits. In the first case, we will adjust them nice and close to zero, then even our pathetic effort will cause a practically significant difference. For the latter two, we will invent some reason to set them generously wide and hey presto, we are equivalent or non-inferior . 

The upper equivalence limit is set to a value such that an increase to any lesser value would be of no practical consequence. Similarly, a lower equivalence limit defines the smallest decrease that would of practical relevance. Establishing the numerical value of these limits is based solely upon expert opinion. The range of values between the two equivalence limits is the equivalence zone . 

Equivalence limits should always be fixed prior to undertaking experimental work and if possible the selected values should be registered at the same early stage. 

Before - identify the primary question, primary end-point and primary statistical analysis establish equivalence limits where necessary perform power and sample size calculations. 

In the case of non-significance, the interpretation depends upon background events. If we went into the experiment simply looking for a difference and have not given the matter further thought, then we are at a dead-end. No effect has been shown, but sadly neither can we can claim to have shown the absence of an effect. Ifwe had had the foresight to establish equivalence limits before performing the experiment, a demonstration that there is no effect of practical consequence may be possible. 

A summary of the point estimates of the treatment ratios or of the difference between treatments for XYZ1234 is presented in Table 12. The AUCo-inf was similar for all treatments. When compared to treatment A the AUCo-inf of the other treatments was within the 80-125 % equivalence limits. 

Fortical s PD equivalence was shown in a double-blind, active-controlled, 24-week study in 134 postmenopausal women randomized to Fortical (200IU per day) or Miacalcin (200IU per day). The primary outcome measure was change in serum beta-CTx from baseline. The results fell within prespecified PD equivalence limits (-0.08 to 0.06ng/mL equivalence margin of 0.2ng.mL) and indicated Fortical was not inferior to Miacalcin. 

Protein Patents and the Doctrine of Equivalents Limits on the Expansion of Patent Rights (Comment)... 

Since values of A0 are available for a number of salts in water, and methyl and ethyl alcohols, a test is possible, for these solvents, of Walden s 10 rule connecting the equivalent limiting conductance of an electrolyte, Ao, with the viscosity, v, of the solvent in which it is dissolved. The relation is as follows ... 

C. To have shielding walls or other shielding materials so that the following radiation dose equivalents can be maintained below the dose equivalent limit designated by the Minister ... 

Selected Primary Maximum Contaminant Levels in Potable Water Determined by tbe USEPA, tbe Equivalent Limits and Recommended Guideline Values Set by the EU Directive (98/83/EC), and the WHO... 

Conductivity as a analyte-specific property can be considered by first defining the equivalent limiting conductivity, denoted by A, for a typical inor-... 

For a concentration C of the salt MX dissolved in water (in equivalents per liter), A has units of siemens per square centimeter per equivalent. By substitution and rearranging, the conductance G can be related to the equivalent limiting conductivity and A. The use of A enables one to consider the separate contributions of cation and anion. The conductance can then be related to the concentration of the salt, the separate limiting conductances of the individual ions, and the cell constant k as follows ... 

Values of the electronic, lattice, and magnetic contribution were fitted to the equation C° = yT+A f + BT where in Table 103, the constant is given as the equivalent limiting Debye temperature (0d). 

Xl and X° are the cation and anion equivalent limiting ion conductivities, respectively, at infinite dilution... 

NRC Occupational dose limits for adults Total effective dose equivalent limits 5 rems/year NRC ... 

Based on occupational effective dose equivalent limit of 50 mSv for stochastic risks. ALI from ICRP30 may change with adoption of ICRP60 and ICRP61. 

Based on occupational dose-equivalent limit of 500 mSv for deterministic (nonstochastic) risks to thyroid. 

IfiUerial Form Mass Limit (kg Fissile Fuel) Water Equivalent Limit Otters)... 

For workers, the effective dose equivalent limit is 50mSv in a year, the dose equivalent limit for the lens of the eye is 150 mSv in a year and that for all the other tissues is 500 mSv in a year. 

The purpose of the effective dose equivalent limit is to prevent individuals and their descendants from being exposed to an unacceptable degree of risk. The dose equivalent limits for individual tissues are to prevent those effects that only occur above relatively high doses. 

No-decompression iimits The depth-time limits of the no-decompression limits and repetitive dive group designation table for no-decompression air dives , U.S. Navy Diving Manual or equivalent limits which the employer can demonstrate to be equally effective. 

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