Equipment, implementing processes with different

The specification of factor tolerances is clearly important for the achievement of reproducible processes. It is especially important to specify factor tolerances if the developed process is to be implemented at several different facilities, with different types of equipment, at different times, with different operators, etc. 

Some of the batch system costs can be offset by its flexibility. Batch bioreactors are able to produce the desired product consistently. They are also capable of producing several types of products with the same equipment or making the same type of product with different equipment. Significant product modifications can also be implemented online (Donati and Paludetto, 1999 Heijnen and Lukszo, 2006). These traits offer flexibility and competitive advantages to batch bioreactor operations however, many problems and complications are encountered when these bioreactor schemes are used for multiple separation processes, which is often the case in industry (Barakat and Sorensen, 2008). 

The Research Association of Micro Chemical Process Technology (abbreviation MCPT) was established in July 2002 with the aim to conduct experimental research on micro-chemical process technology through the collaborative work of its members. The association has been implementing R D together with its members from 29 different firms of various industries including the chemical industry, the precision machinery industry, and the electrical equipments and electronics industry. In addition, the participation of national, public, and private universities as well as independent administrative institutions has been greatly appreciated. 

In formulating profiles, emphasis should be placed on searching for profiles that are continuous and easily implemented in practice. Therefore, curves that include serious discontinuities should normally be avoided. It is meaningless to have a global optimum solution with complex and practically unrealizable profiles. Curve combinations from the above equations such as Type I + Type I or Type II + Type II should not normally be considered as there would be a prominent discontinuity at the intermediate point. The profile generator can be easily extended to combine three or more curves across the space or time horizon instead of two. However, there is little practical use to employ more than two different curves for the majority of problems. The complexity of the profiles increases with the number of curves generated. It should not be forgotten that a way must be found to realize the profile in practice. For a continuous process, the equipment must somehow be... 

The equipment required to develop this type of sensor is very simple and resembles closely that used to implement ordinary liquid-solid separations in FI manifolds. The only difference lies in the replacement of the packed reactor located in the transport-reaction zone with a packed (usually photometric or fluorimetric) flow-cell accommodated in the detector. Whether the packing material is inert or active, it should meet the following requirements (a) its particle diameter should be large enough (< 80-100 fim) to avoid overpressure (b) it should be made of a material compatible with the nature of the integrated detection system e.g. almost transparent for absorbance measurements) and, (c) the retention/elution process should be fast enough to avoid kinetic problems. 

The electronic equipment and systems technology available for process control continues to evolve rapidly. Because of the pace of innovation, industry-wide standards have not been able to keep up consequently different manufacturers systems usually use proprietary technology and are often not fully compatible with each other. The implementation of the ISA SP50 Fieldbus standard is expected to substantially... 

For many separation applications, the use of liquid-liquid extraction is an alternative to the various distillation schemes described in Sec. 13, Distillation. In many of these cases, a distillation process is more economical largely because the extraction process requires extra operations to process the extract and raffinate streams, and these operations usually involve the use of distillation anyway. However, in certain cases the use of liquid-liquid extraction is more cost-effective than using distillation alone because it can be implemented with smaller equipment and/or lower energy consumption. In these cases, differences in chemical or molecular interactions between feed components and the solvent provide a more effective means of accomplishing the desired separation compared to differences in component volatilities. 

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