Equipment cleaning steps

Tolling presents a special consideration that can make the training step easier. Typically a toller s technical staff, operators and mechanics are knowledgeable in the basic operations and tasks related to the toller s specialty. For example, experienced operators may know operations of the reactors, columns, exchangers, and packaging equipment quite well. The mechanical personnel may be very familiar with the required safe work practices, equipment cleaning procedures and maintenance tasks for standard vessels and piping. 

Uranium may also be measured in fecal material using the same methods identified above for urinalyses, except that this matrix requires extensive preparation. For a-spectroscopy, this includes ashing of the sample, cleaning by co-precipitation, and solvent extraction followed by electrodeposition and a-spectroscopy (Singh and Wren 1988). In the other methods, electrodeposition is replaced with an equipment-specific step, such as direct injection for ICP-MS and mixing with a scintillation cocktail for liquid scintillation. 

When pesticides bnild np in the bodies of animals or in the soil, they are said to accumulate. When the same mixing/loading site or equipment cleaning site is used frequently without taking steps to limit and clean up spills, pesticides are likely to accumulate in the soil. When this occurs, plants, animals, and objects that come into contact with the soil may be harmed. When pesticides accumulate in the soil, there is also a higher likelihood that the pesticides will move offsite and contaminate the surrounding environment or move into surface or ground water. 

The last step in an industrial equipment cleaning procedure typically involves a large volume water flush of the equipment. The objective of the drying process is then to displace any water residues from the cleaning operation that is left behind on the equipment surfaces, including tank and pipe walls, linings, and valve components. The equipment... 

Equipment cleaning methods should be validated, where appropriate. In general, cleaning validation efforts should be directed to situations or process steps where contamination or incidental carryover of degradants pose the greatest risk to API quality and safety, in early synthesis steps, it may be unnecessary to validate deaning methods where residues are removed by subsequent purification steps. 

RBS and channeling measurements were made on a dual-axis goniometer using 3 MeV He ions with a 1 mm beam size. XPS spectra were taken on as-deposited films without any cleaning steps. The spectra were recorded in a KRATOS XSAM800 instrument equipped with a multichannel detector. The resolution of the XPS system wets set to yield a peeik width of 0.85 eV for the Ag(3dgy2) line-... 

Repetition of the same cleaning steps until a desired cleanliness result has been achieved can be completed in all cleaning equipment described in this chapter. 

Finally, one must recognize that other than simple filtration, all oil treatment operations bring in added equipment, complexity in operation due to unfamiliar technology and added capital cost. All these factors need to be considered carefully before undertaking any oil cleaning step. The user must analyze the operation and determine the source of oil... 

Metallurgical acid plants have a gas cleaning step ahead of the acidmaking plant and are usually compared on both feed gas flow and acid production rate. Many metallurgical acid plants do not have heat recovery equipment to produce steam. Their investment costs are typically less than sulfur burning acid plants. Their electricity consumption makes up the majority of their production costs. 

Air aspirators are usually the first cleaning step. The air aspirator blows air at a controlled speed countercurrently to the grain flow (Figure 7.2). During the quick pass through, the equipment dust, fines, stalk pieces, and other vegetative contaminants are selectively removed. 

The decomposition of aqueous hydrogen peroxide is minimized by various purification steps during manufacture, use of clean passive equipment, control of contaminants, and the addition of stabilizers. The decomposition is zero-order with respect to hydrogen peroxide concentration. 

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