Equilibrium of liquids

Lord Rayleigh On the Equilibrium of Liquid Conducting Masses Charged With Electricity. London, Edinburgh, Dublin Phil. Mag. J. Sci. 1882,14,184-186. 

Hence, a very important factor of preferential dianion formation is the decrease in electrostatic repulsion between anion-radicals. By changing the ion-pair stability, particularly, by solvent selection, one can manage the equilibrium of liquid-phase electron-transfer reactions. 

Critical temperature, sometimes used in this discussion, is not to be confused with critical solution temperature. Critical temperature has its usual meaning of maximum temperature for equilibrium of liquid and vapor phases, usually of a single component, under pressure. 

Here the state with [ZA] = [Z] is taken as a standard state of the adsorbed layer thus, in the case when only one gas is adsorbed, the layer is in the standard state at the coverage 1 /2. It can be easily seen that 1 /a is the equilibrium pressure at [ZA] = [Z], i.e., at the standard state of the adsorbed substance. This value may be called desorption pressure we shall denote it as b. It is analogous to vapor pressure or dissociation pressure in monovariant systems (24). Indeed, in the case of equilibrium of liquid with its vapor, the surface from which evaporation occurs is equal to the surface for condensation the same equality is realized at the adsorption equilibrium if the fraction of the occupied surface is equal to that of the free surface. This analogy explains the applicability of the Nernst approximate formula to desorption pressure (24) ... 

Fuj. XII-3.—Isothcrmals of Van der Waals equation, showing equilibrium of liquid and... 

Pascal s own discussion of the principle is not concisely stated and can be misleading if hastily read. See his On the Equilibrium Of Liquids, 1663. He inroduces the principle with the example of a piston as part of an enclosed vessel and considers what happens if a force is applied to that piston. He concludes that each portion of the vessel is pressed in proportion to its area. He does mention parenthetically that he is excluding the weight of the water..., for I am speaking only of the piston s effect. ... 

Rayleigh, L. (1882). On the equilibrium of liquid conducting masses charged with electricity, Philos. Mag., 14,184-186. 

The fugacity of liquid solutions is basic to phase equilibrium and chemical equilibrium of liquids. Raoult observed that the equilibrium partial pressure of a component of a liquid solution with like substances is given by... 

First, we describe the real system. An ebullioscopic apparatus resembles closely to an apparatus suitable for chemical operations done under reflux, but it has a very sensitive thermometer. In fact, the boiling point of a solvent in presence of a nonvolatile solute is measured, more precisely the dependence of the boiling point on the concentration of the nonvolatile solute. The boiling point is the temperature at which equilibrium of liquid and gaseous phase at standard pressure is established. 

Common coexisting phases in many engineering processes are vapor and liquid. Besides, phase equilibriums of liquid-liquid, liquid-solid, and vapor-solid systems are also used in various processes. In this Section, we mainly consider the vapor-liquid equilibrium operations and discuss the Henry s law, equation of states, and activity coefficient models with some relevant examples. 

Shanahan M. (1987) Equilibrium of liquid-drops on thin plates — plate rigidity and stability considerations.20 261—274. 

Fig. 5.9 (a) Liquid in equilibrium between two almost vertical, inclined, plates in a A-shaped configuration, (b) Non-equilibrium situation for the V-shaped position of the plates, (c) Final equilibrium of liquid between the V-shaped plates. 

BELLONI - It is known that the pK of the ionization equilibrium of liquid amo nia where the hydrogen bonds are much weaker than in water is around 33 at 33 C and 27 at room temperature. These data support strongly your conclusions on the importance of the last term. Could you also do... 

The phenomenon of the formation of the filaments and their resolution into spherules is not limited to the case of the breaking of the equilibrium of liquid cylinders except for rare exceptions about which we will speak later, it appears whenever one of our liquid masses, whatever its shape, is divided into partial masses for example, when the experiment from 222 and 368 is carried out carefully, and the liquid rings which are formed after the rupture of the two plane films are converted into isolated masses, there is, in each interval between those, a smaller mass, which is a spherule only these small masses are relatively bulkier than that which is shown after the transformation of our short oil cylinders moreover, the duration of the transformation of the liquid rings in question is several seconds one thus easily notes the formation of the filaments and... 

Mie] Equilibrium of liquid, ferrite and austenite was assessed using ThermoCalc package. For the phases the thermodynamic parameters were optimized and tire liquidus curve projection was presented... 

Surface Forces and the Equilibrium of Liquids on Solid Substrates... 

Surface Forces and the Equilibrium of Liquids on Solid Substrates Young s equation (Equation 1.1) should now be rewritten as... 

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