Epithelial cells chemokines

Wurbel MA, Philippe JM, Nguyen C, et al. The chemokine TECK is expressed by thymic and intestinal epithelial cells and attracts double- and single-positive thymocytes expressing the TECK receptor CCR9. Eur J Immunol 2000 30 262-271. 

Annunziato F, Romagnani P, Cosmi L, et al. Macrophage-derived chemokine and EBIl-ligand chemokine attract human thymocytes in different stages of development and are produced by distinct subsets of medullary epithelial cells possible implications for negative selection. J Immunol 2000 165(l) 238-246. 

Chantry D, Romagnani P, Raport CJ, et al. Macrophage-derived chemokine is localized to thymic medullary epithelial cells and is a chemoattractant for CD3(+), CD4(+), CD8(low) thymocytes. Blood 1999 94(6) 1890-1898. 

Sekiya T, Miyamasu M, Imanishi M, et al. Inducible expression of a Th2-type CC chemokine thymus- and activation-regulated chemokine by human bronchial epithelial cells. J Immunol 2000 165(4) 2205-2213. 

Stellato C, Brummet ME, Plitt JR, et al. Expression of the C-C chemokine receptor CCR3 in human airway epithelial cells. J Immunol 2001 166(3) 1457-1461. 

Lucas AD, Chadwick N, Warren BF, et al. The transmembrane form of the CX3CL1 chemokine fractalkine is expressed predominantly by epithelial cells in vivo. Am J Pathol 2001 158 855-866. 

Crane, U, Wallace, CA, McKillop-Smith, S, and Forrester, JV, 2000b. CXCR4 receptor expression on human retinal pigment epithelial cells from the blood-retina barrier leads to chemokine secretion and migration in response to stromal cell-derived factor 1 alpha. J Immunol 165,4372-4378. 

Momma, Y, Nagineni, CN, Chin, MS, Srinivasan, K, Detrick, B, and Hooks, JJ, 2003. Differential expression of chemokines by human retinal pigment epithelial cells infected with cytomegalovirus. Invest Ophthalmol... 

Given that epithelial cells have been shown to be a source of chemokines at mucosal sites (Li et al., 1999 Santy et al, 1999 Song et al, 1999), it will be important to define the expression and function of chemokines and their receptors in the intestinal microenvironment during nematode infection, and to determine what effects, if any, these have on the polarization or regulation of anti-nematode responses. 

Santy, A., Dziejman, M., Taha, R.A, Iarossi, AS., Neote, K., Garcia-Zepeda, E.A., Hamid, Q. and Luster, A.D. (1999) The T cell specific CXC chemokines IP-10, Mig, and I-TAC are expressed by activated human bronchial epithelial cells. Journal of Immunology 162, 3549-3558. 

Song, F., Ito, K., Denning, T.L., Kuninger, D., Papaconstantinou, J., Gourley, W., Klimpel, G., Balish, E., Hokanson, J. and Ernst, P.B. (1999) Expression of the neutrophil chemokine KC in the colon of mice with enterocolitis and by intestinal epithelial cell lines effects of flora and proinflammatory cytokines. Journal of Immunology 162, 2275-2280. 

Laurent F, Eckmann L, Savidge TC, Morgan G, Theodos C, Naciri M, KagnoffMF Cryptosporidium parvum infection of human intestinal epithelial cells induces the polarized secretion of C-X-C chemokines. Infect Immun 1997 65 5067-5073. 

Herold S, von Wulffen W, Steinmueller M, Pleschka S, Kuziel WA, Mack M, Srivastava M, Seeger W, Maus UA, Lohmeyer J (2006) Alveolar epithelial cells direct monocyte transepithelial migration upon influenza virus infection impact of chemokines and adhesion molecules. J Immunol 177(3) 1817-1824... 

Awane M, Andres PG, Li DJ, Reinecker HC NF-kappa B-inducing kinase is a common mediator of IL-17-, TNF-alpha-, and IL-1 beta-induced chemokine promoter activation in intestinal epithelial cells. J Immunol 1999 162 5337-5344. 

Andoh A, Takaya H, Makino J, Sato H, Bamba S, Araki Y, Hata R, Shimada M, Okuno T, Fujiyama Y, Bamba T Cooperation of interleukin-17 and interferon-gamma on chemokine secretion in human fetal intestinal epithelial cells. Clin Exp Immunol 2001 125 56-63. 

Recently, the activities of host defense peptides related to the resolution of infection have been suggested to result in part from nondirect antimicrobial activities. It has been postulated that immunomodulation may represent the primary action of these peptides in vivo as the immunomodulatory activities are retained under physiological conditions in contrast to the direct antimicrobial activities of most natural mammalian host defense peptides. These immunomodulatory activities include, but are not limited to, direct chemotactic activity, induction of chemokines and other immune mediators, stimulation of leukocyte degranulation and other microbicidal activities, effects on leukocyte and epithelial cell survival and apoptosis, stimulation of epithelial and endothelial cell proliferation, promotion of wound healing and angiogenesis, antiendotoxic and anti-inflammatory activities, and adjuvant fiinctions. These will be described in detail in the following sections and a summary is found in Table 1. 

Transcription factor NF-/cB and activator protein-1 (AP-1) (L10) are also important in the orchestration of asthmatic inflammation. This has prompted the search for specific blockers of transcription factors such as NF-kB. The protea-some inhibitor A-cbz-Leu-Leu-leucinal, MG-132, a specific inhibitor for NF-kB activation (F3), has been found to suppress chemokine IL-8 release from epithelial cells. However, its use for treating allergic inflammation requires further investigation (Table 6). 

---