Epiphysis

Administration of 1 and 3 mg Sn/kg body weight to rats resulted in inhibition of various enzymes, including hepatic succinate dehydrogenase and the acid phosphatase of the femoral epiphysis. Tin also appears to interact with the absorption and metabolism of biological essential metals such as copper, zinc, and iron and to influence heme metabolism. ... 

Children - Pseudotumor cerebri slipped capital femoral epiphysis craniosynostosis premature closure of the epiphyses. 

Epiphysial growth plate expansion is not only the pharmacologic phenotype of BMS-275291 activity, but has also been reported as the sole phenotype of mice treated with... 

Fig. 4. Rat epiphysial growth place (control). Normal femur control for comparison.

Fig. 5. Rat epiphysial growth rate (on-treatment). BMS-275291 treatment of young rats induction of epiphysial growth plate expansion and suppressed blood vessel invasion in the femur of a rat given oral BMS-275291, 4000 mg/kg/d for 1 mo. This pharmacologic phenotype resembles reported phenotypes for mice with homozygous MMP-9 deletion as well as mice treated with inhibitors of VEGF signaling.

Arthralgias, including skeletal changes such as hyperostoses, tendinous calcifications, premature epiphysial closure, and pathological fractures. 

The use of the quinolones in pregnant or breastfeeding women and children whose epiphysial plates have not closed is generally contraindicated. Their use for treating young cystic fibrosis children infected with Pseudomonas spp. is an exception the patient should be monitored carefully for untoward effects. 

These agents are contraindicated in adolescents in whom epiphysial closure has not yet been completed. 

These agents have been used to stimulate growth in boys with delayed puberty. If the drugs are used carefully, these children will probably achieve their expected adult height. If treatment is too vigorous, the patient may grow rapidly at first but will not achieve full predicted final stature because of the accelerated epiphysial closure that occurs. It is difficult to control this type of therapy adequately even with frequent x-ray examination of the epiphyses, since the action of the hormones on epiphysial centers may continue for many months after therapy is discontinued. 

Schenk, R., et al. Effect of ethane-l-hydroxy-1, 1-diphosphonate (EHDP) and dichlor-methylene diphosphonate (CI2 MDP) on the calcification and resorption of cartilage and bone in the tibial epiphysis and metaphysis of rats. Calc. Tiss. Res. 77, 196 (1973)... 

A 48-year-old woman developed avascular necrosis 9 months after she had completed a 3-month course of hydrocortisone 100 mg retention enemas once or twice daily for ulcerative proctitis (470). An MRI scan showed multiple bony infarcts in her distal femora, proximal tibiae, and posterior proximal right fibular head, extending from the diaphysis to the epiphysis, consistent with avascular necrosis. 

A slipped capital femoral epiphysis has been described during the treatment of hypothyroidism (SEDA-3, 340). Since slipping occurs more often during the pubertal growth spurt, it is advisable to check for the occurrence of this complication during the pubertal period in children taking thyroid treatment. 

A slipped capital femoral epiphysis was reported in 26 of 16 500 patients in one study it is less common in children with idiopathic short stature than those with a known cause of growth failure (73). 

Avascular necrosis of the femoral head and another of slipped capital femoral epiphysis with avascular necrosis have been reported in two children with growth hormone deficiency receiving growth hormone (74). 

However, in a North American register of patients with chronic renal insufficiency and end-stage renal disease there was no excess of cases of slipped capital femoral epiphysis or avascular necrosis in those receiving growth hormone (75). 

Blethen SL, Rundle AC. Slipped capital femoral epiphysis in children treated with growth hormone. A summary of the National Cooperative Growth Study experience. Horm Res 1996 46(3) 113-6. 

Compact bone like long bones, most abundant among archaeological bone remains, shows basically two different parts a central one called diaphysis, mainly composed of compact bone, and two extremities called epiphysis which are more porous. It contains a fundamental substance - a mixture of the organic and mineral phase - and cells that remodel continuously the bone material as well as the so-called Haversian systems containing channels that provide the nutrition to the bone cells as they accommodate blood vessels and nerves. The Haversian channels exhibit diameters between 10 and 70 pm [26], The periosteum closes the bone at its outside and the medullar cavity at the inside accommodating the bone marrow [40],... 

In athletes Use of anabolic steroids, (for example, nandrolone [nan DRO lone] or stanozolol [sta NO zo lol], by athletes can cause premature closing of the epiphysis of the long bones, which interrupts development. The high doses taken by these young athletes may result in hepatic abnormalities, increased aggression ( roid rage"), and psychotic episodes, as well as the other adverse effects described above. 

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