Epilepsy hippocampal sclerosis

Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) A type of epilepsy that consists of partial seizures arising from the mesial temporal lobe of the brain. Often this type of epilepsy is associated with an anatomic change described as hippocampal sclerosis. Patients with this type of epilepsy often have excellent outcomes with surgery for epilepsy. 

Riban V, Bouilleret V, Pham-L BT, Fritschy JM, Marescaux C, Depaulis A (2002) Evolution of hippocampal epileptic activity during the development of hippocampal sclerosis in a mouse model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Neuroscience 112 101-111 Rudolph U, Crestani F, Benke D, Brunig I, Benson J, Fritschy JM, Martin JR, Bluethmann H, Mohler H (1999) Benzodiazepine actions mediated by specific y-aminobutyric acid A receptor subtypes. Nature 401 796-800... 

Billinton, A, Baird, VH, Thom, M, Duncan, JS, Upton, N, Bowery, NG (2001) GABA(B) receptor autoradiography in hippocampal sclerosis associated with human temporal lobe epilepsy. Br J Pharmacol, 132 475 80. 

Davies, KG, Hermann, BP, Dohan, FCJ, Foley, KT, Bush, AJ, Wyler, AR (1996) Relationship of hippocampal sclerosis to duration and age of onset of epilepsy, and childhood febrile seizures in temporal lobectomy patients. Epilepsy Res, 24 119-126. 

Sutula, TP, Pitkanen, A (2001) More evidence for seiziure-induced neuron loss is hippocampal sclerosis both cause and effect of epilepsy Neurology, 57 169-170. 

It is widely accepted today that prolonged seizures can selectively kill vulnerable neurons. This selective neuronal loss (diffuse cortical atrophy, unilateral hippocampal sclerosis, cerebellar atrophy) was described in the 1800s in institutionalized patients with refractory epilepsy and was assumed to be secondary to hypoxia/ischemia. In the 1970s, after experiments in primates, Meldmm and colleagues proposed that selective hippocampal and neuronal loss resulted from ischemic changes due to local seizure activity lasting 82-120 min (Meldmm, 2002). 

Changes in excitatory amino acid receptors have been documented by multiple laboratories (Mody and Heinemann, 1987 Kohr and Mody, 1994 Kraus et al., 1994). Increased mRNA levels of NMDA receptor subunits have been measured in dentate-granule cells of patients with hippocampal sclerosis and mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (Mathem et al., 1999). 

Seifert, G, Huttmann, K, Schramm, J, Steinhauser, C (2004) Enhanced relative expression of glutamate receptor 1 flip AMPA receptor subunits in hippocampal astrocytes of epilepsy patients with Ammon s horn sclerosis. J Neiurosci, 24 1996-2003. 

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