Cortical atrophy

Saracibar G, Hernandez ML, Echevarria E, et al Toluene alters mu-opioid receptor expression in the rat brainstem. Ind Health 39 231-234, 2001 Schikler KN, Seitz K, Rice JF, et al Solvent abuse associated cortical atrophy. J Adolesc Health Care 3 37-39, 1982... 

Figure 13.1. The brain in Alzheimer s disease. The figure on the left is a static MRI scan, where marked cortical atrophy is evident. The right-hand figure is a SPECT scan showing impoverished metabolism in the Alzheimer brain.

The signature findings are intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), extracellular neuritic plaques, degeneration of neurons and synapses, and cortical atrophy. 

Tubulointerstitial nephritis Reports of tubulointerstitial nephritis with medullary calcification and cortical atrophy have been observed in patients with asymptomatic severe leukocyturia (greater than 100 cells/high power field). 

Rail up 20 X 10 ) Opportunistic meningoencephaUtis Diabetic polyneuropadiy Brain infarction Cortical atrophy... 

Cortical atrophy, as evidenced by sulcal widening, in chronic schizophrenia... 

In summary, enlarged ventricles and cortical atrophy are positively correlated with the following ... 

Cerebral cortical atrophy (alcohol-associated dementia)... 

Other neurological syndromes (e.g., cerebral cortical atrophy, myopathy, cerebellar degeneration) are also associated with alcoholism, but their pathogenesis is less certain than that of nutritional deficiency disorders. Abstinence from alcohol plus vitamin replacement and physical therapy comprise the standard treatment approach for these conditions. 

Withdrawal symptoms disappear if the glucocorticoid is resumed, but as a rule they will in any case vanish spontaneously within a few days. More serious consequences can ensue, however, in certain types of cases and if adrenal cortical atrophy is severe. In patients treated with corticoids for the nephrotic syndrome and apparently cured, the syndrome is particularly likely to relapse on withdrawal of therapy if the adrenal cortex is atrophic (SEDA-3,305). In some cases, acute adrenocortical insufficiency after glucocorticoid treatment has actually proved fatal. It is advisable to withdraw long-term glucocorticoid therapy gradually so that the cortex has sufficient opportunity to recover. Table 5 lists methods of... 

Reduced descending inhibition modulated by GABA and NMDA pathways secondary to cortical atrophy... 

F 0.71 F (decreased thymus weight slight cortical atrophy)... 

Chest x-ray showed mild unfolding of the aortic arch and scattered calcifications in the area of the aortic valve. There was no change in cardiac size. To exclude the presence of subdural hematoma, a CT of the head was obtained but showed no focal abnormalities. However, there was mild diffuse bilateral cortical atrophy, especially in the frontal areas. 

In North America and the United Kingdom, there is growing concern that many elderly subjects with mild or no anemia and normal serum B12 concentrations are suffering from preventable and correctable vitamin B12 deficiency disease. Today, in economically advanced countries, as many as 75% of vitamin B12-deficient patients present with various neurological symptoms, including somatic and autonomic neuropathies, myelopathies, cortical atrophy, and dementia (Carranza, 2002). In addition, vitamin B12-depleted subjects may develop postoperative myeloneuropathy when exposed to anesthesia... 

Nasrallah et al. (1986) found a small but measurable degree of atrophy of the brain in more than half of 24 young adults with prior stimulant-treated hyperactivity during childhood. The authors suggested, Cortical atrophy may be a long-term adverse effect of [stimulant] treatment (p. 245). 

Nasrallah, H., Loney, J., Olson, S., McCalley-Whitters, M., Kramer, J., 6c Jacoby, C. (1986). Cortical atrophy in young adults with a history of hyperactivity in childhood. 

Sabuncu, N., Sabacin, S., Saygill, R., Kumral, K., Ornek, T. (1977). Cortical atrophy caused by long-term therapy with antidepressive and neuroleptic drugs A clinical and experimental study. In L. Roizin, H. Shiraki, N. Grcevic (Eds.), Neurotoxicology (pp. 149-158). New York Raven. 

A patient with mild Alzheimer s disease taking donepezil, 5 mg/day for 2 weeks and then 10 mg/day for 23 days, was admitted with convulsions. His only other medication was aspirin 100 mg/day. Blood analysis was normal, and a computerized tomographic (CT) scan showed a mild degree of cortical atrophy with no structural lesions. Donepezil was withdrawn, and no other drug treatment was given. Six weeks later, donepezil 5 mg/day was restarted. On day 52,... 

Fein G, Di Sclafani V, Tanabe J et al. (2000). Hippocampal and cortical atrophy predict... 

Gray F, Haug H, Chimelli L, Geny C, Gaston A, Scaravilli F, Budka H (1991) Prominent cortical atrophy with neuronal loss as correlate of human immunodeficiency virus encephalopathy. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 82 229-233. 

The hallmark of HD pathology is the striking regional atrophy and neuronal loss in the striatum (caudate nucleus and putamen) (Roos, 1986 Margolis and Ross, 2001). Macroscopically the brain shows atrophy, predominant in the striatum, with marked ventricular dilatation, and approximately 25-30% decrease in brain weight (Margolis and Ross, 2001). White matter and cortical atrophy are evident in more advanced cases. 

Interstitial nephritis has been found in kidney biopsies in patients treated with indinavir [146-151]. Some of these cases have described eosinophiluria and crystals (assumed to be indinavir) associated with histiocytes and giant cells in the renal tubules. Some of these patients were asymptomatic, while others reported classic symptoms of nephrohthiasis. Cortical atrophy was found in some patients, suggesting the progression from acute injury towards chronic kidney disease [152]. 

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