Epidemiology statistics

The discipline of child and adolescent psychiatry is acknowledged as a medical specialty or subspecialty in almost all European countries. The historical development of the discipline of child and adolescent psychiatry varies across Europe. Generally, however, four traditions have made substantial contributions to the current orientation of European child psychiatric institutions the neuropsychiatric tradition, the remedial clinical tradition, the psychodynamic-psychoanalytical tradition, and the empirical, epidemiological, statistical tradition. 

Elston RC (2000) Introduction and overview statistical methods in genetic epidemiology. Statistical Methods in Medical Research 9 527-541. 

Living human participants—rather than mice or other animals, human tissue or cell lines or computer models or epidemiologic statistics. 

For a more objective understanding of the causes of crashes, we must rely on methods other than drivers opinions. Two general approaches have been extensively used to study accident the clinical approach and the epidemiological/statistical approach. The clinical approach is based on post-hoc detailed analyses of all the events, behaviors, and conditions that preceded a crash in order to determine which specific event, behavior, or condition made the crash inevitable, and in that sense caused it. The epidemiological approach involves searching crash data bases in order to determine if particular factors or variables are more prevalent in the crash data than in the normal driving population. A third - emerging — proach is that of the naturalistic prospective study in which drivers and vehicles are monitored continuously so that when a crash happens all of the behaviors, events, and conditions that preceded it are available in an objective data format. The three approaches and the conclusions that can be drawn from them are discussed in detail below. 

Describe the kinds of toxicological evidence that serve to substantiate and strengthen epidemiological (statistical) evidence of chemical disease. 

Other offices within ODER may become involved in the review process via consults. Eor example, the Office of Epidemiology and Biostatistics analyzes statistical data, the Office of Research Resources provides bioavailabiHty reviews, and the Office of Compliance determines from the results of inspections whether the firms meet EDA s Current Good Manufacturing Practice (cGMP) regulations. Advisory committees composed of independent experts are often asked to meet and further analyze the data. Often they also advise as to what additional data and information may be needed. After PDA s review is completed, PDA issues either a Summary Basis of Approval (SBA) for the dmg or a recommendation against approval. If approved, PDA releases the SBA and a summary of the safety and effectiveness data to the general pubHc. 

Benchmark Dose Model—A statistical dose-response model applied to either experimental toxicological or epidemiological data to calculate a BMD. 

In most studies, phytoestrogen intake has been estimated by direct methods that evaluate food intake either by recall (food-frequency questionnaires -FFQs) or by record (food diary), and subsequently by composition databases based on information of this kind. Food-frequency questionnaires are widely administered to subjects involved in epidemiological studies. Their validity and reproducibility is considered sufficient when statistically correlated to data obtained from dietary records (a properly-completed and comprehensive food diary) and from analysis of blood and urine samples (Kirk et ah, 1999 Huang et al, 2000 Yamamoto et al, 2001 Verkasalo et al, 2001). FFQs can be repeated several times a year and may be administered to large populations. Such an approach provides an easy and low-cost method of assessing the... 

This monograph is based upon papers and discussion from the technical review on phencyclidine which took place on May 7-9, 1985, at Rockville, Maryland. The review was sponsored by the Divisions of Preclinical Research, Clinical Research, and Epidemiology and Statistical Analysis of the National Institute on Drug Abuse. 

The editor would like to thank the participants, all of whom provided timely and complete reports in their areas of expertise, and Dr. J. Michael Walsh (Division of Clinical Research) and Nicholas J. Kozel (Division of Epidemiology and Statistical. Analysis) who cochaired the Technical Review. Special thanks go to Dr. R. Stanley Burns, who made a major contribution by suggesting suitable clinical investigators. 

National Institute on Drug Abuse Division of Epidemiology and Statistical Analysis Parklawn Building, Room 11A52 5600 Fishers Lane Rockville, MD 20857... 

When analyzing the data from Table 6.2, one must keep in mind that as of the beginning of the 1970s, data collection on chemical poisoning statistics was transferred from Minzdrav s general Health and Epidemiological Service to an independent Third Main Directorate in the same Ministry - a secret division linked to defense work in the nuclear and chemical industries. 

---