Enzymes and proteins immobilization

Walt DR and Agayn VI. The chemistry of enzyme and protein immobilization with glutaraldehyde. Trends Anal. Chem. 1994 13 425 30. 

The high specificity required for the analysis of physiological fluids often necessitates the incorporation of permselective membranes between the sample and the sensor. A typical configuration is presented in Fig. 7, where the membrane system comprises three distinct layers. The outer membrane. A, which encounters the sample solution is indicated by the dashed lines. It most commonly serves to eliminate high molecular weight interferences, such as other enzymes and proteins. The substrate, S, and other small molecules are allowed to enter the enzyme layer, B, which typically consist of a gelatinous material or a porous solid support. The immobilized enzyme catalyzes the conversion of substrate, S, to product, P. The substrate, product or a cofactor may be the species detected electrochemically. In many cases the electrochemical sensor may be prone to interferences and a permselective membrane, C, is required. The response time and sensitivity of the enzyme electrode will depend on the rate of permeation through layers A, B and C the kinetics of enzymatic conversion as well as the charac-... 

A series of enzyme and proteins (met-myoglobin, lysozyme, met-hemoglobin, glucose oxidase, a-chymotrypsin) was also immobilized in a-ZrP by Kumar et al. [134]. Binding constant values clearly confirm the high affinity of the various proteins with the host structure (Table 15.4). 

W.H. Scouten, J.H. Luong, and R.S. Brown, Enzyme or protein immobilization techniques for applications in biosensor design. Trends Biotechnol. 13,178—185 (1995). 

Incorporation of biologically important molecules into LDHs has become of interest in recent years and materials such as DNA [189], ATP [190], amino acids or enzymes [191,192] and vitamins [193] can be stabilized in the interlayer space of LDHs. If enzymes and proteins, for example, can be immobilized in the interlayer galleries of LDHs, new types of selective catalysts (see Sect. 2.2) as well as new delivery systems and carrier materials can be expected. 

Chang I MS (ed) (1976) Biomedical applications of immobilized enzymes and proteins. Plenum, New York... 

Affinity chromatography has become one of the standard techniques for the separation and purification of enzymes. It is based on the idea of utilizing the specific interaction between an enzyme and an immobilized substrate or inhibitor. The substrate is chemically bound to an inert support material, and when a sample is added to the column the enzyme binds to it to an extent depending on the strength of the interaction between the two. Other enzymes and proteins which do not interact with the substrate pass through the system with little or no retention. Removal of the enzyme from the stationary support is accomplished by changing the eluent so as to alter the enzyme-substrate interaction. The... 

Chang, T. M. S. (ed.) Biomedical Applications of Immobilized Enzymes and Proteins, New York-London, Plenum Press 1977... 

In the future, we will see developments involving surface enhanced Raman scattering technologies in combination with AuNPs and waveguides as well as combinations of immobilized and solution-bom AuNPs and functional bridges in-between them. It can also be expected that applied medical research, namely the detection of antigens, enzymes, and proteins in body fluids, will benefit fi om the sensor developments with its extreme sensitivities. 

M. J. Poznansky. Conjugates of enzymes and albumin immobilized proteins. Meth. Enzymol. 737 566(1988). 

Karkare S B 1991 Immobilized microbial and animal cells as enzyme reactors Protein Immobilization Fundamentals and Applications ed R F Taylor (New York Dekker) pp 319-37... 

Biomedical Applications of Immobilized Enzymes and Proteins Chang, T.M.S., Ed. Plenum New York, 1977 Vols. 1 2. 

In addition to a family of SODs, several other kinds of enzymes and proteins, including tyrosinase [87], galactose oxidase [87], hemin, and cytochrome c (Cyt. c), have been employed to construct enzyme-based biosensors for the O2 determination. Here, we will use Cyt. c as an example to illustrate the analytical mechanism of such a kind of 02 biosensors. For constructing a Cyt. c-based biosensor, Cyt. c is normally inunobilized on the electrode surface and acts as an electron transfer mediator between the electrode and 02. The O2 radical reduces the immobilized Cyt. c (Fe(lll)) to Cyt. c (Fe(II)) and the Cyt. c (Fe(ll)) is reoxidized on the electrode at a potential of... 

Scouten WH, Luong JHT, Brown RS (1995) Enzyme or protein immobilization techniques for apphcation in biosensor design. TIBTECH 13 178-185 Scoville JR, Novicova lA (1999) Foaming enzyme spray cleaning composition and method of delivery. US Patent 5998342. Issued on December 7, 1999 Serafini S, Rossi L, Antonelli A et al. (2004) Drug delivery through phagocytosis of red blood cells. Transf Med Hemother 31 92-101... 

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