Environmental problems and energy use

See also Acid Ram Air Quality, Indoor Atmosphere Automobile Performance Climatic Effects Emission Control, Vehicle Emission Control, Power Plant Environmental Economics Environmental Problems and Energy Use Gasoline and Additives Transportation, Evolution of Energy Use and Turbines, Gas. 

See also Acid Rain Agriculture Air Pollution Atmosphere Biological Energy Use, Cellular Processes of Climatic Effects Environmental Problems and Energy Use Green Energy Tlierniodynaniics. 

See also Acid Rain Air Pollution Atmosphere Environmental Problems and Energy Use Ocean Energy Systems Pollution and Energy Efficiency. 

See also Coal, Production of Coal, Transportation and Storage of Environmental Problems and Energy Use Fossil Fuels. 

See also Energy Intensity Trends Environmental Problems and Energy Use Industry and Business, Energy as a Factor of Production in. 

See also Capacitors and Ultracapacitors Electric Motor Systems Electric Power, Generation of Electric Power, System Protection, Control, and Monitoring ol Electric Power, System Reliability and Electric Power Substations Environmental Problems and Energy Use Insulation T ransformers. 

See also Batteries Capacitors and Ultracapacitors Electric Motor Systems Emission Control, Vehicle Environmental Problems and Energy Use Flywheels Fuel Cells Fuel Cell Vehicles Flybrid Vehicles Materials Transportation, Evolution ofEnergy Use and. 

See also Electric Power, Generation of Environmental Problems and Energy Use Explosives and Propellants Meitner, Lise Military Energy Use, Historical Aspects of Molecular Energy Nuclear Energy Nuclear Energy, Historical Evolution of the Use of Nuclear Fission Fuel Nuclear Fusion Nuclear Waste. 

See Environmental Problems and Energy Use Nuclear Energy, Historical Evolution of the Use of... 

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Edwin Drake drilled the first oil well in Pennsylvania in 1859 to use extracted oil as a substitute for whale oil—the main lighting source and feedstock for consumer and chemical products then. This resource was hazardous to get and dwindling due to heavy exploitation, as it happens currently with oil. Petroleum presented many advantages over whale oil and solved a great deal of ecological and resource security problems associated with the old resource. Nevertheless, after a century and a half of use, petroleum has created new problems related to environmental pollution and energy security [1]. 

There is a possibility that the promotion of countermeasures for climate change will affect or be influenced by other enviroranental problems. For example, the promotion of the use of diesel for automobiles will reduce CO2, but will increase SOx and NOx. Recycling of resources consumes energy, and may increase CO2 emissions. Accordingly, when promoting measures thoroughly, it is necessary to identify the position of the climate change problem in all environmental problems, and fully analyze the impact of such measures on the environment as a whole. 

Since 1978, the use of zeolites to solve environmental pollution and energy conservation problems showed promise and was expected to increase. Natural zeolites have many commercial uses in coal gasification and natural gas purification, selectively adsorb molecules from water or air, purify sludge effluents to potable standards, extract trace amounts... 

Detailed analyses of more recent trends have been made (31, 32, 33, 34) using later versions of the directory source noted (29). For the years 1971-1972 to 1974-1975 sharp increases in popularity occurred for the areas of interfacial phenomena and properties, process design, and particulate phenomena, while the area of thermodynamics decreased. A significant amount of activity, refiecting both environmental concerns and energy-related problems, was also evident (34) as in Table IV. 

Given the concerns about the use of toxic organic solvents in food chemistry, many new techniques have been developed to overcome or minimize this problem. For instance, environmentally clean extraction techniques, such as those based on the use of compressed fluids (pressurized liquids, PLE supercritical fluids, SFE and subcritical water, SWE or PHWE), are widely used as alternatives to conventional procedures, such as solid—liquid extraction (SEE), liquid—liquid extraction (LLE), and the like. These alternative processes have in common the use of lower amount of solvents (from hundred milliliters to few milliliters), the lack of toxic residues, higher efficiency extraction (in terms of yields and energy used), and the improved selectivity of the process. SFE has been used in food analysis as a sample preparation technique, mainly for lipophilic compounds, while PLE has been extensively used for many compositional food applications, because the selectivity of this technique... 

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