Environmental applications rivers

To illustrate the environmental application of the SIMCA method we examined a set of isomer specific analyses of sediment samples. The data examined were derived from more than 200 sediment samples taken from a study site on the Upper Mississippi River (41). These analytical data were transferred via magnetic tape from the laboratory data base to the Cyber 175 computer where principal component analysis were conducted on the isomer concentration data (ug/g each isomer). 

A number of environmental applications [3] have been performed in order to size characterize colloids collected in rivers (riverbome particles, SPM, and sediments), clay samples and ground limestone (from soils), coal particles, diesel soot particles (from combustion processes), or airborne particles in urban areas (from waste incinerators, vehicles, household-heating systems, and manufacturing). In many of these cases, not only the size but also the particle size distribution was important and thus, in conjunction with the traditional UV detector, specific detectors such as ETAAS, ICP-MS, ICP-AES were used [40] in order to obtain more detailed, more specific compositional information. 

By coupling flow field-flow fractionation (flow FFF) to ICP-MS it is possible to investigate trace metals bound to various size fractions of colloidal and particulate materials.55 This technique is employed for environmental applications,55-57 for example to study trace metals associated with sediments. FFF-ICP-MS is an ideal technique for obtaining information on particle size distribution and depth profiles in sediment cores in addition to the metal concentrations (e.g., of Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, Sr, Ti and Zn with core depths ranging from 0-40 cm).55 Contaminated river sediments at various depths have been investigated by a combination of selective extraction and FFF-ICP-MS as described by Siripinyanond et al,55... 

The anionic surfactant sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) is by far the most commonly used surfactant in micellar separations. Examples of the use of simple buffered/SDS systems in environmental applications include the simultaneous analysis of 10 A-methylcarbamate pesticides and their hydrolytic phenolic metabolites in river, well, and pond water (pH 8 phosphate/borate buffer/SDS), and the analysis of insecticides (imidacloprid and its metabolite 6-chloronicotinic acid) in air samples collected from a greenhouse cropped with tomatoes (pH 8.5 ammonium chloride/ammonia buffer/SDS). ... 

In environmental applications, rosmarinic acid and gallic acids in fermentation liquors (193), and humic acid in river water (194) have been investigated. The occurrence of hippuric, mandelic and phenylglyoxylic acids in urine has been studied (195). 

Tharme RE (2003) A global perspective on environmental flow assessment emerging trends in the development and application of environmental flow methodologies for rivers. River Res Appl 19 397 41... 

Chen et al. [24] provide a good review of Al techniques used for modeling environmental systems. Pongracz et al. [25] presents the application of a fuzzy-rule based modeling technique to predict regional drought. Artificial neural networks model have been applied for mountainous water-resources management in Cyprus [26] and to forecast raw-water quality parameters for the North Saskatchewan River [27]. 

As noted earlier, OPs are known to be highly toxic to aquatic invertebrates and to fish. This has been demonstrated in field studies. For example, malathion applied to watercress beds caused lethal intoxication of the freshwater shrimp Gammarus pulex located downstream (Crane et al. 1995). Kills of marine invertebrates have been reported following the application of OPs. Accidental release of OPs into rivers, lakes, and bays has sometimes caused large-scale fish kills (see Environmental Health Criteria 63). 

Scott MR (1982) The chemistry of U- and Th-series nuchdes in rivers. In Uranium series disequilibrium Application to environmental problems. Ivanovich M, Harmon RS (eds) Oxford Sciences Publications, Oxford, p 181-201... 

Zhang L, Dai S (2007) Application of Markov Model to environmental fate of phenanthrene in Lanzhou Reach of Yellow River. Chemosphere 67 1296—1299... 

Use Joseph F. Louvar and B. Diane Louvar, Health and Environmental Risk Analysis Fundamentals with Applications (Upper Saddle River, NJ Prentice Hall, 1998), pp. 287-288, to find the toxicity levels (high, medium, low) for the inhalation of toxic chemicals. 2-29. Use Louvar and Louvar, Health and Environmental Risk Analysis, pp. 287-288, to find the toxicity levels (high, medium, low) for the single dose of a chemical that causes 50% deaths. 

J. F. Louvar and B. D. Louvar, Health and Environmental Risk Analysis Fundamentals with Applications (Upper Saddle River, NJ Prentice Flail PTR, 1998). 

An important application of iodometry can be found in many wastewater treatment plant laboratories. Chlorine, Cl2, is used in a final treatment process prior to allowing the wastewater effluent to flow into a nearby river. Of course, the chlorine in both the free and combined forms can be just as harmful environmentally as many components in the raw wastewater. Thus, an important measurement for the laboratory to make is the amount of residual chlorine remaining unreacted in the effluent. Such chlorine, which is an oxidizing agent, can be determined by iodometry. It is the O in Figure 5.22. See also Workplace Scene 5.3. 

Analysis of small ions has been published for many applications other than pharmaceutical applications, and has a growing impact in industrial, environmental, biomedical, clinical, and forensic laboratories. Sample matrices range from simple tap water to Kraft black liquor, including river and seawater, beer and wine, environmental water, and nuclear plant water, but also body fluids such as serum, urine, plasma, cerebrospinal fluid, and many others. Those topics alone would require a separate book. 

---