Environment nutritional value

Rye has an energy value intermediate to that of wheat and barley, and the protein content is similar to that of barley and oats. However, its nutritional value is reduced by the presence of several ANFs such as P-glucans and ara-binoxylans which are known to cause increased viscosity of the intestinal contents and reduced digestibility, and other undesirable effects such as an increased incidence of dirty eggs. These effects are more pronounced in hot and dry environments, which accentuate the rate of cereal ripening prior to harvest (Campbell and Campbell, 1989), as occurs in Spain and other Mediterranean countries. Rye may also contain ergot, which is a toxic fungus that reduces poultry health and performance. 

Metabolism is a complex and fascinating process. It is extremely useful in getting rid of bodily toxicants. Apart from all of the toxicants in the man-made environment around us, even animal and plant food contains many chemicals that have no nutritional value but do have potential toxicity. If these chemicals are sufficiently lipid-soluble, they will reach the blood, and they will not be readily excreted unless they are converted to more water-soluble metabolites. This may be the reason why all animals have a wide variety of xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes that convert a wide range of chemical structures to water-soluble metabolites that can be excreted in urine (Mulder, 2006). 

Nutritional values of fats and oils differ with fatty acid composition, with the species, age, physiological stage, environment of the animal, and adequacy of the overall diet. Care should be exercised in regard to the following ... 

By the end of the small intestine, deposition is almost complete and there is no need for intestinal secretions to aid assimilation. The principal role of the colon is to resorb water and reclaim sodium however, complex carbohydrate components of vegetable origin have nutritional value but are relatively resistant to attack from intestinal secretion. In the caecum, a complex bacterial environment digests the soluble, fermentable carbohydrates to yield short-chain fatty acids, which are assimilated into the systemic circulation by the colon, together with vitamin K released from the plant material. 

Carrageenan is a potent inhibitor of papillomavirus infection. PLoS Pathog. 2, e69. Burtin, P. (2003). Nutritional value of seaweeds. Electron. J. Environ. Agric. Food Chem. 2,6. Cadarette, S., Jaglal, S., Kreiger, N., Mclsaac, W., Darlington, G., and Tu, J. (2(X)0). Development and validation of the Osteoporosis Risk Assessment Instrument to facilitate selection of women for bone densitometry. CMAJ162,1289. 

Burtin, P. (2003). Nutritional value of seaweeds. Electron.. Environ. Agric. Food Ghent. 2, 498-503. 

Animal feeding is experiencing tremendous changes. Its initial objective - to meet nutritional requirements - is now only one of many challenges we must understand and control its impact on product quality and safety, on animal welfare and health, and on the environment These wider objectives require the development of new concepts of nutritional value of feedstuffs,for which these tables are a useful basis. The new feed characteristics provided therein (amino acid digestibility, availability or digestibility of minerals, cation-anion difference) are definitely within this framework. 

Probiotic bacteria (probiotic was defined by Verschuere et al (2000) as a live microbial adjunct which has a beneficial effect on the host by modifying the host-associated or ambient microbial coimnunity, by ensuring improved use of feed or enhancing its nutritional value, by enhancing the host response towards disease, or by improving the quality of its ambient environment) added at the start of the first batch culture were still retrieved after four consecutive batches of three days each. This was the case when rotifers were fed either solely N. oculata, a yeast-based diet, a mixture of both feeds fed simultaneously or fed every other batch (Qi et al, 2009b). 

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