Environment deep-sea

Canheld D. E. (1989) Sulfate reduction and oxic respiration in marine sediments implications for organic carbon preservation in euxinic environments. Deep-Sea Res. 36(1), 121-138. 

Rau GH, Chavez FP, Friederich GE (2001) Plankton 13C/12C variations in Monterey Bay, California evidence of non-diffusive inorganic carbon uptake by phytoplankton in an upwelling environment. Deep-Sea Res Part I-Oceanog Res Papers 48 79-94... 

Global uranium flux calculations have typically been based on the following two assumptions (a) riverine-end member concentrations of dissolved uranium are relatively constant, and (b) no significant input or removal of uranium occurs in coastal environments. Other sources of uranium to the ocean may include mantle emanations, diffusion through pore waters of deep-sea sediments, leaching of river-borne sediments by seawater," and remobilization through reduction of a Fe-Mn carrier phase. However, there is still considerable debate... 

Guber, A.L. and Ohmoto, H. (1978) Deep sea environments of Kuroko formation as indicated by the benthic foraminifera from the Hokuroku district, Japan. Mining Geology, 28, 245-256. 

New enzymes to address industrial problems are searched among a collection of more than 25,000 classified microorganisms. These microorganisms cover a broad range of habitats, from garden soil to extreme conditions (volcanoes, polar ice, and deep-sea environments). This biodiversity multiplies the number of possible derivable enzymes nature is the basis for all its products. 

Of the major solids formed from melts, many, but not all, at equilibrium, the overwhelming influence is of cooperative interaction between ionic units of similar shape and size as we see in crystals. Trace elements apart from forming isolated minerals are fractioned in bulk oxides, for example, in particular orders as the melt solidifies, and this reduces the relative availability of some elements such as Cr and Ni (see Williams, and Williams and Frausto da Silva (1999) in Further Reading). Again the interaction of selective molten minerals and water creates extremely reactive environments and such environments still exist, especially in the deep sea black smokers (hydrothermal vents), around which particular mixed minerals form, which could also have been involved in prebiotic chemistry and are still involved in the peculiarities of life in these smokers . In Figure 1.6 we summarise... 

Barber, R.T., P.J. Whaling, and D.M. Cohen. 1984. Mercury in recent and century-old deep-sea fish. Environ. Sci. Technol. 18 552-555. 

Barber, R.T. and S.M. Warlen. 1979. Organochlorine insecticide residues in deep sea fish from 2500 m in the Atlantic Ocean. Environ. Sci. Technol. 13 1146-1148. 

Reference materials that represent the primary deep-sea and coastal depositional environments and biological materials would solve many of the problems that radiochemists face in analysis of sediments from these settings. Radiochemists require reference materials comprising the primary end member sediment and biological types (calcium carbonate, opal, and red clay from the deep-sea and carbonate-rich, silicate-rich, and clay mineral-rich sediments from coastal environments and representative biological materials). Additional sediment reference material from a river delta would be valuable to test the release of radionuclides that occurs as riverine particles contact seawater. 

Hydrostatic pressure has not only been used as a physical parameter for studying the stability and energetics of biomolecular systems, but also because high pressure is an important feature of certain natural membrane environments (e.g., of marine biotopes in the deep sea) and because the high pressure phase behaviour of biomolecules is of biotechnological interest (e.g., for high pressure food processing). ... 

In the marine environment oxygen and hydrogen isotope compositions of pore waters may be inherited from ocean water or inflnenced by diagenetic reactions in the sediment or nnderlying basement. Knowledge of the chemical composition of sedimentary pore waters has increased considerably since the beginning of the Deep-Sea-Drilling-Project. From numerous drill sites, similar depth-dependent trends in the isotopic composition have been observed. 

Jannasch, H.W. Wirsen, C.O. (1981) Morphological survey of microbial mats near deep-sea thermal vents. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 41 528-538... 

---