Biology types

Many multiple copper containing proteins (e.g., laccase, ascorbate oxidase, hemo-cyanin, tyrosinase) contain so-called type III copper centers, which is a historical name (cf. Section 5.8 for type I and type II copper) for strongly exchange-coupled Cu(II) dimers. In sharp contrast to the ease with which 5=1 spectra from copper acetate are obtained, half a century of EPR studies on biological type III copper has not produced a single triplet spectrum. Why all type III centers have thus far remained EPR silent is not understood. 

Reference materials that represent the primary deep-sea and coastal depositional environments and biological materials would solve many of the problems that radiochemists face in analysis of sediments from these settings. Radiochemists require reference materials comprising the primary end member sediment and biological types (calcium carbonate, opal, and red clay from the deep-sea and carbonate-rich, silicate-rich, and clay mineral-rich sediments from coastal environments and representative biological materials). Additional sediment reference material from a river delta would be valuable to test the release of radionuclides that occurs as riverine particles contact seawater. 

A clear and striking pattern emerges from these data, a u radicals consistently show large up- and downshifts for and V2 while a2u radicals show large shifts in the opposite directions. Since these two bands are the dominant features of spectra obtained in resonance with the B absorption band, their shifts produce a clear indication of radical type, even when the spectra are relatively weak or poorly resolved. Thus, RR spectroscopy appears to be an apt tool for monitoring radical formation in biological-type porphyrins. 

Biology-type experiments on green leaves and light. It is probable that the students will already be familiar with these. 

The requirement of growth of populations of one or another biological type is the presence of set of Ms nutritive materials (substrates) for given biological type S ... 

Physical/chemical type Biological type Solid bed scavengers... 

Polyoxometallates (ROMs) have attracted interest because they are fully inorganic mimics of biological-type catalysts such as porphyrins or salen compounds. POMs are oxygen anion multimetallic clusters containing early transition metals such as V, Nb, Ta, W, and Mo [151-153]. Recent reviews are provided by Bregeault... 

The current dominance of petroleum-derived intermediates for the synthesis of hydroxybenzenes in vast quantities may raise the question of the ultimate longevity of these fossil fuel sources. Replenishable raw materials of fatty or other origin could furnish useful Cj and C3 intermediates for cyclisations and dehydrogenations towards phenolic structures. Biological-type syntheses offer an alternative route as yet little exptored. 

Hauser, C. L., Steiner, A. and Holstein, J. (2005). Digital imaging of butterflies and other Lepidoptera more or less flat objects In Digital imaging of biological type specimens. A manual of best practice, C. L. Hauser, A. Steiner,... 

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