Enteropathogens

Escherichia coli Enteropathogenic E. coli infection acute diarrhea... 

Some of the pathogens in Table 2, infect only humans (e.g., Vibrio cholerae. Salmonella typhi. Shigella dysenteriae, poliovirus, hepatitis A virus), whereas others, known as zoonotic, infect both humans and animals Salmonella no thypi. Shigella no dysenteriae, Campylobacter, enteropathogenic Escherichia coli such as for example the biotype 0157 H7, Cryptosporidium, etc.). The control of those that only infect humans is easier than the control of the zoonotic ones. Thus, some of them (S, typhi, S. dysenteriae, poliovirus, etc.) have practically been eradicated in many developed countries, whereas the eradication, and even the control below certain levels, of the zoonotic ones is a very difficult task. 

Interestingly, they report that E. coli, a normal inhabitant of the mammalian gastrointestinal tract, produces anhydro-TTX. Unidentified sodium channel blockers have also been detected in cultures of Vibrio cholerae an estuarine bacterium and human enteropathogen (54). 

Uncommon—Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., Campylobacter spp., Yersinia spp., and enteropathogenic Escherchia coli... 

Empiric antibiotic therapy is an appropriate approach to traveler s diarrhea. Eradication of the causal microbe depends on the etiologic agent and its antibiotic sensitivity. Most cases of traveler s diarrhea and other community-acquired infections result from enterotoxigenic (ETEC) or enteropathogenic (EPEC) Escherichia coli. Routine stool cultures do not identify these strains primary empiric antibiotic choices include fluoroquinolones such as ciprofloxacin or levofloxacin. Azithromycin may be a feasible option when fluoroquinolone resistance is encountered. 

EPEC enteropathogenic Escherichia coli ESR erythrocyte sedimentation rate... 

A Lactobacillus strain was recently shown to inhibit competitively adhesion of enteropathogenic E. coli to pig ileum and interfered with bacterial attachment to the mucosal layer of ileal conducts (Blomberg et al., 1993). Although L. acidophilus inhibits the adhesion of several enteric pathogens to human intestinal cells in culture, when pathogen attachment preceded L. acidophilus treatment, no inhibitory interference occurred indicating that steric hindrance of site occupation is important in the inhibition of adhesion. Thus, therapeutic use is likely to be limited to preventive application of probiotics. 

Nisbet D. (2002). Defined competitive exclusion cultures in the prevention of enteropathogen colonisation in poultry and swine . Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, 81, 481 186. 

Kenny B, DeVinney R, Stein M, Reinscheid DJ, Frey EA, Finlay BB Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) transfers its receptor for intimate adherence into mammalian cells. Cell 1997 91 511-520. 

Knutton S, Baldwin T, Williams PH, McNeish AS Actin accumulation at sites of bacterial adhesion to tissue culture cells Basis of a new diagnostic test for enteropathogenic and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli. Infect Immun 1989 57 1290-1298. 

Sierra JM, Navia MM, Vargas M, Urassa H, Schellemberg D, Gascon J, Vila J, Ruiz J In vitro activity of rifaximin against bacterial enteropathogens causing diarrhoea in children under 5 years of age in Ifakara, Tanzania. J Antimicrob Chemother 2001 47 904-905. 

As proposed in earlier publications, an ideal antimicrobial agent for the treatment of bacterial causes of infectious diarrhea would have the following features [1, 2] (1) excellent activity against a broad range of bacterial enteropathogens (2) nonabsorbable (3) favorable side effect profile (4) efficacious in the treatment of infectious diarrhea (5) major indication is enteric disease, and (6) does not easily develop resistance or promote cross-resistance. 

Study Design Popula- tion Definition of diarrhea Enteropathogens Medications ... 

EPEC = Enteropathogenic E. coli NA = not applicable UTI = urinary tract infections AST = aspartate amino transferase. Indicates studies that documented a substantial number of cases of bacterial diarrhea denotes studies with substantial isolation of bacterial enteropatho-gens. 1 Nonclassic enteric flora includes E. coli with the designation of enteropathogenic E. coli or other recognized diarrheogenic E. coli, Klebsiella, Proteus, Entero- bacter, Pseudomonas and Enterococcus. ... 

Kallinowski F, Wassmer A, Hofmann MA, Harmsen D, Heesemann J, Karch H, Herfarth C, Buhr HJ Frequency of enteropathogenic bacteria in surgically treated chronic inflammatory bowel disease. Hepatogastroenterology 1998 45 1552-1558. 

Due to its excellent activity against a broad range of enteropathogens as well as its lack of absorption after oral administration the first topical application of rifaximin was within the GI tract [1, 2]. The appreciation of the pathogenic role of gut bacteria in several organic and functional GI diseases [6, 7] has broadened its clinical use, which now goes beyond the original indication, i.e. GI infections. 

Enteropathogenic E. coli pilus subunit A (BfpA) Tobacco leaf Immunogenic when delivered orally in mice. Anti-BfpA in fecal matter. - 88... 

Signs and Symptoms Vomiting is a prominent early manifestation of the disease followed rapidly by abdominal cramps with profuse watery diarrhea (opaque white liquid that does not have a bad odor often described as resembling rice water). Bowel movements are frequent and often uncontrolled. Stool volume is more than that from any other infectious diarrhea. Diarrhea and vomiting can lead to severe dehydration, vascular collapse, shock, and death. Dehydration can develop within hours after the onset of symptoms. This contrasts with disease produced by infection from any other enteropathogen. 

Escherichia coli GI disease may be caused by enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), enteroinvasive E. coli, enteropathogenic E. coli, enteroadhesive E. coli, and enterohemorrhagic E. coli. ETEC is now incriminated as being the most common cause of traveler s diarrhea. 

Badea, L. S., Doughty, S., Nicholls, L., Sloan, Robins-Browne, R. M., and Hartland, E. L. (2003). Contribution of Efal/LifA to the adherence of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli to epithelial cells. Microb. Pathog. 34, 205-215. 

Clausen, C. R., and Christie, D. L. (1982). Chronic diarrhea in infants caused by adherent enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. J. Pediatr. 100, 358-361. 

Cleary, J., Lai, L.-C., Shaw, R. K., Straatman-lwanowska, A., Donnenberg, M. S., Frankel, G., and Knutton, S. (2004). Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) adhesion to intestinal epithelial cells Role of bundle-forming pili (BFP), EspA filaments, and intimin. Microbiology 150, 527-538. 

Cravioto, A., Tello, A., Villafan, H., Ruiz, J., del Vedovo, S., and Neeser, J.-R. (1991). Inhibition of localized adhesion of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli to HEp-2 cells by immunoglobulin and oligosaccharide fractions of human colostrum and breast milk. /. Infect. Dis. 163,1247-1255. 

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