Enteric rods, gram-negative

Gram-negative, aerobic rod Gram-negative enteric rod, facultative anaerobe... 

Cardiac (with median sternotomy) Staphylococci, enteric gram-negative rods Cefazolin... 

Colorectal (elective surgery) Enteric gram-negative rods, anaerobes Oral erythromycin plus neomycin3... 

Appendectomy, non-perforated Enteric gram-negative rods, anaerobes Cefoxitin or cefazolin + metronidazole... 

Hysterectomy Enteric gram-negative rods, anaerobes, enterococci, group streptococci Cefazolin or cefoxitin... 

Salmonella enterica (S. enterica) is a rod-shaped Gram-negative facultative anaerobe and a prominent enteric bacterial pathogen capable of causing food- and water-related diseases. Several serovars of S. enterica are associated with human infection. The principle clinical diseases associated with Salmonella infection are typhoid fever and gastroenteritis. S. enterica serovars Typhi S. Typhi) and Paratyphi (,S. Paratyphi) are pathogenically exclusive for humans and are known to cause typhoid or enteric fever (Ohl and Miller, 2001). Typhoid fever is a systemic infection characterized by the development of fever, abdominal pain, enterocolitis, and occasionally, a maculopapular rash. The hallmark feature of typhoid fever is the presence of mononuclear cell infiltration and hypertrophy of the intestinal Peyer s patches and mesenteric lymphoidal tissue (Kraus et al., 1999 Ohl and Miller, 2001). There are approximately 20 million cases of typhoid fever worldwide each year, and this acute and often life-threatening infection is responsible for over 200,000 deaths annually (Crump et al., 2004). 

Two types of gram-negative rods cause eye infections. Haemophilus influenzae causes infections in early childhood, with otitis media and conjimctivitis often seen concurrently. The enteric gram-negative rods include Escherichia coli, Serratia marcescens, Proteus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These bacteria are typically found in the intestinal tract and commonly cause urinary tract infections. In the eye they can cause corneal ulcers. 

Escherichia coli is a member of the bacterial family, Enterobacteriaceae, the enteric bacteria. Members of the Enterobacteriaceae are among the most important bacteria medically. A number of genera within the family are human intestinal pathogens (e.g., Salmonella, Shigella, Yersinia). Several others are normal colonists of the human gastrointestinal tract (e.g., Escherichia, Enterobacter, Klebsiella), but these bacteria, as well, may occasionally be associated with diseases of humans. E. coli is a facultative anaerobic, motile, gram-negative rod. 

Bacteroides fragilis Gram-negative enteric rod, anaerobe Wound infections... 

Campylobacterjejuni Gram-negative enteric spiral rod, micro-aerophilic Severe enteritis... 

Salmonella spp. Gram-negative enteric rods, facultative Varying degrees of food poisoning. 

Plasmid-mediated resistance to penicillins and cephalosporins ((3-lactam antibiotics) is due to the formation of (3-lactamase enzymes by Staphylococcus aureus or enteric Gram-negative rods. Some (3-lactamases can be firmly bound by compounds such as clavulanic acid (combined with amoxycillin or ticar-cillin) and sulbactam (combined with ampicillin) and can thus be prevented from attacking hydrolysable penicillins. Gram-positive bacteria, apart from staphylococci, generally lack the ability to acquire R plasmids. 

Enteric Bacteria Members of the family Enterobac-teriaceae, many of which are intestinal, small facultatively anerobic Gram-negative rods with peritrichous flagella. 

Extended-spectrum penicillins Cefotaxime with anaerobic activity possibly, ESBLs Enteric gram-negative rods, such as 1-2 g q 8 hr 25- 50... 

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