Engineering interest

Engineering Aspects of Hemodialysis. Engineering interest in hemodialysis is concentrated on the optimization of the hemodialysis membrane (4,41), the dependency of solute removal on membrane and device characteristics (14,15), and quantitation of hemodialysis therapy through urea pharmacokinetics (42—44). 

Many additional consistency tests can be derived from phase equiUbrium constraints. From thermodynamics, the activity coefficient is known to be the fundamental basis of many properties and parameters of engineering interest. Therefore, data for such quantities as Henry s constant, octanol—water partition coefficient, aqueous solubiUty, and solubiUty of water in chemicals are related to solution activity coefficients and other properties through fundamental equiUbrium relationships (10,23,24). Accurate, consistent data should be expected to satisfy these and other thermodynamic requirements. Furthermore, equiUbrium models may permit a missing property value to be calculated from those values that are known (2). 

The description of shock-compressed matter derived from physical and chemical observations, as presented in this book, is significantly different from that denved strictly from mechanical characteristics, which are the classical descriptions. This volume, with over 300 references and summaries of major review articles, provides a succinct introduction and critical analysis for scientists and engineers interested in the present state of shock-compression science. 

All the scientific and engineering disciplines involved in materials research are in need of better instrumentation and facihties. Suitable equipment for chemical engineers interested in materials questions might include the following ... 

A greater emphasis on surface and interfacial phenomena is needed for all chemical engineers interested in materials engineering. 

Various schemes have been proposed for classifying poisons, but the one that is perhaps the most convenient for chemical engineers interested in reactor design is the classification in terms of the manner by which the poison affects chemical activity. In these terms one can distinguish between four general but not sharply differentiated classes. 

Why are engineers interested in optimization What benefits result from using this method rather than making decisions intuitively Engineers work to improve the initial design of equipment and strive to enhance the operation of that equipment once it is installed so as to realize the largest production, the greatest profit, the... 

Note that the Lanthanide (atomic numbers 58-71) and Actinide (90-103) series elements, as well as the synthetic elements of atomic number greater than 87, are omitted from all the periodic tables in this text. With the possible exception of nuclear fuels such as uranium and plutonium, these elements are of little general engineering interest. 

A strong consideration of the chemist and process engineer interested in these system has been the control of moisture in the propellant ingredients and during processing. 

The presentation in this chapter dwells rather heavily on the classification, measurement, and interpretation of non-Newtonian behavior. These rheological fundamentals have frequently been presented in literature which is unfamiliar to the engineer and have usually included much discussion of factors which at the present time are of minor engineering interest. Accordingly, it was felt that one of the primary needs in this field was a concise summary of these fundamentals and common definitions. It is hoped that thereby future developments may be undertaken in an orderly and rigorous manner, as contrasted to the relatively fruitless empiricism which has enveloped areas of this field in the past. 

Only in recent years has progress toward an engineering understanding of pseudoplastic behavior been substantial. Most developments in this field stem from relationships developed by Rabinowitsch (Rl) and exploited fully by Mooney (M15) in a classic paper that all engineers interested in non-Newtonian behavior must probably place at the top of their reading list. 

In the preceding section it is seen how the theory of multicomponent systems gives the correct starting formulas for the analysis of ordinary and thermal diffusion in binary systems. Whereas these latter topics have been the subject of considerable investigation, there are a number of types of more complex diffusion problems of engineering interest for which little has been done. Several of these topics are discussed here, and an attempt is made to indicate to what extent they can be interpreted in terms of the theoretical development in the preceding sections. 

Costs of many individual pieces of equipment arc summarized in Chapter 20, but analysis of the costs of complete processes is beyond the scope of this book. References may be made, however, to several collections of economic analyses of chemical engineering interest that have been published ... 

A very early application of liquid film flow in the chemical industry is mentioned in a patent of 1836 (G5) hydrogen chloride gas produced in the Leblanc soda process was absorbed by water films flowing over packings. Much later the film coolers and evaporators used in the German beet sugar industry inspired the earliest detailed theoretical and experimental studies of flow and heat transfer in falling films (CIO, N6, N7). Chemical engineering interest in film flow has increased rapidly in recent years. 

Certainly, the above mentioned does not give a full answer to the question, why these four articles have been included into this collection. It is natural that they have been selected primarily with regard to the scientific and engineering interests of the editor (who is also one of the authors) and include works carried out during recent years together with junior colleagues. 

Customer(s) The person(s) who will use the information from the proposed new method or analyzer. This could be a control engineer interested in improving control of the manufacturing process (tuning control loops, understanding dynamics, etc.), a process... 

The chemists have worked very closely with the physicists and the device engineers interested in understanding how these devices work. In turn, they have all worked with process engineers to define... 

Most texts are confined to steady flow, as the majority of cases of engineering interest are of this nature. However, there are a few cases of unsteady flow that are very important. It has been explained that tur-... 

Moody, L. F., Some Pipe Flow Characteristics of Engineering Interest and an Approximate Method of Discharge Measurement, La Houille Blanche 5 313, May-June 1950. 

Although VLE problems with other combinations of variables are possible, those of engineering interest are usually dew-point or bubble-point calculations there are four classes ... 

The purpose of this paper is to introduce the technique of NEXAFS spectroscopy to scientists and engineers interested in the analysis of polymers and metal-polymer interfaces. NEXAFS is just coming into its own as a powerful tool for studying bonding interactions and molecular orientation of fairly complicated systems. By presenting background material and examples of applications to metal-polymer systems, it is hoped that the reader will be left with a basic understanding and an impression of the potential of this technique. 

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