Engineering and Transport

P. Blunder, B. Bliimich, R. E. Botto, E. Fuku-shima (eds.) 1998, Spatially Resolved Magnetic Resonance Methods, Materials, Medicine, Biology, Rheology, Geology, Ecology, Hardware, VCH, Weinheim, 774 pp. Collected lectures from an MR imaging conference, various fields, also contains chemical engineering and transport. 

Chemical engineering problems in environmental protection usually require a synthesis of thermodynamics, chemical reaction engineering, and transport phenomena, often applied to systems that are not well understood at a fundamental level. An attribute of the revolution in chemical engineering is the opportunity for a deepened understanding of processes at the molecular level, which will have a significant impact on environmental problems. 

The evolution of chemical processes and process equipment is closely related to the methods and apparatus used in the chemistry laboratory. At the early stage of evolution of chemical industries, process steps in the manufacture of a chemical mimicked the steps used in the chemistry lab in its preparation. Most of these processes were batch processes. Some of these evolved into continuous processes as the production volumes increased. Batch processes occupy the preeminent position, even today, in the pharmaceutical and fine-chemical industries. Some of the process equipment - stirred vessels, packed towers, filters, and so on - are the up-sealed versions of the apparatus used in the chemistry laboratory of yesteryear. Process intensification (PI), which represents a paradigm shift in equipment as well as in process design, takes advantage of advances in reaction engineering and transport phenomena in the design of equipment and processes (as opposed to the mere scale-up of the apparatus of the chemistry lab and mimicking the step in the laboratory preparation). 

Textile structures with embedded active agent—loaded microcapsules have found their application in many fields such as medicine, cosmetics, and wellness. Their role will grow with an increase in peoples needs and advances in disciplines such as materials science, textile engineering, pharmaceutical engineering, and transport phenomena. 

National Cycling Forum (June 1998). Issues for Traffic Engineers and Transport Planners... 

The connection between chemical reaction engineering and transport phenomena also stems from multiphase reactions. For solid catalyzed gas or liquid reactions, mass transfer in the bulk or on the surface may become a problem. For gas-liquid reactions, the transport of the species to the reaction zone has to be considered. Similar problems arise for liquid-liquid reactions. Thns, we intend to give a brief introduction to these problems and, in the process, introdnce dimensionless qnantities such as the Thiele modulus, Damkohler number, Hatta modulus, effectiveness factor, and enhancement factor, and nse them in designing reactors. 

A. Bentur, S. Mindess and N. Banthia, The interfacial transition zone in fibre reinforced cement and concrete , in M.G. Alexander, G. Arliguie, G. Ballivy, A. Bentur and J. Marchand (eds) Engineering and Transport properties of the interfaciai Transition Zone in Cementitious Composites, RILEM Publications, Bagneux, France, Report 20, 1999, pp. 89-112. 

Ha, V.T.T., Le Anh, T., Le Minh, V., Nguyen, T.T., 2009c. Research on utilisation of biodiesel B5 based cat-fish oil in engines and transport vehicles. Vietnam Chemical Journal 47/2A, 235-240. 

Mobil Oil Corporation has developed a process on a pilot scale that can successfully convert methanol into 96 octane gasoline. Although methanol can be used directiy as a transportation fuel, conversion to gasoline would eliminate the need to modify engines and would also eliminate some of the problems encountered using gasoline—methanol blends (see Alcohol fuels Gasoline and other motor fuels). 

The use of the computer in the design of chemical processes requires a framework for depiction and computation completely different from that of traditional CAD/CAM appHcations. Eor this reason, most practitioners use computer-aided process design to designate those approaches that are used to model the performance of individual unit operations, to compute heat and material balances, and to perform thermodynamic and transport analyses. Typical process simulators have, at their core, techniques for the management of massive arrays of data, computational engines to solve sparse matrices, and unit-operation-specific computational subroutines. 

L. I. Stiel and G. Thodos, Progress in International Research on Thermodynamics and Transport Properties, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Academic Press, Inc., New York, 1962. 

Regulation of aircraft engine emissions has been made a national responsibility by law in the United States. The Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency is responsible for establishing emission limits of aircraft engines, and the Secretary of Transportation is required to prescribe regulations to ensure compliance with these limits. 

Tier 0 and Tier 1 costs are direct and indirect costs. They include the engineering, materials, labor, construction, contingency, etc., as well as waste-collection and transportation services (in many cases we simply transform an air pollution problem into a solid waste or wastewater problem that requires final treatment and disposal), raw-material consumption (increase or decrease), and production costs. Tier 2 and... 

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