Energy Storage and Release

Living cells derive most of their energy from the oxidation of the carbohydrate glucose, which is supplied by food from plants and indirectly from animals. Plants derive their glucose from the action of sunlight on carbon dioxide and water, in the process known as photosynthesis (see below). 

The energy derived from glucose oxidation is retained in the form of ATP, which is synthesised in the cell from ADR The ATP acts as an energy carrier and can transfer its energy to a wide range 

Energy transfer from ATP involves hydrolysis to ADP (11.11), which is thai converted into ATP using fresh energy from glucose oxidation. The simpUlied schane is indicated in Hgure 11.17. The conversion of ADP to ATP utilises the energy made available (by light and chlorophyll) in the complex photosynthetic and subsequent carbohydrate oxidation processes, and is usually referred to as photophosphorylation. 

Methods of regeneration of ATP from ADP differ between plant and animal cells. The latter use respiration (aerobic processes) and/or glycolysis (anaerobic processes) for this purpose, whereas plants use photosynthesis. There are also numerous other cell processes by which ATP is produced (see below). 

The ATP consumed in these reactions can be reconverted to ATP by numerous other reactions which occur in cells. Arginine phosphate (11.9b) appears to serve the same storage purpose in invertebrates. These compounds are sometimes called phosphagens. Adenosine triphosphate, ATP, is involved in the synthesis of all the essential biopolymers, that is, proteins, polysaccharides lipids 

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Phosphate Facilitates energy storage and release, nucleotide synthesis, and maintenance of acid-base balance in body fluids Men women 700 mg/d... 

T. J. Katz, N. Acton, Synthesis of Prismane. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1973, 95, 2738-2739 V. Ramamurthy, T. J. Katz, Energy-Storage and Release -Direct and Sensitized Photoreactions of Dewar Benzene and Prismane. Nouv. J. Chim. 1977, 1, 363-365. 

T is 81.0 MHz. Numerous investigations, particularly in the biochcmicaUield. have been based on "P resonance. An example is shovnn in Figure 19-31, The species under study is adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a triply charged anion that plays a vital role in carbohydrate metabolism and in energy storage and release in the bodv. 

The dynamic modulus E (or G ), which is the real component of E (or G ), is associated with energy storage and release in the periodic deformation and is therefore called the storage modulus. The imaginary part of the modulus, E" (or G"), is associated with viscous energy dissipation and is a measure of the energy lost per cycle per unit volume ( g), since... 

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