Fossil energy sector

In the energy sector, coal-fired power plants contribute 54% of C02 emissions, and gas-fired power plants contribute 40%. In 2009, C02 emission from fossil fuels is estimated to increase by 113% compared to the year 2000. Each kWh of electricity of Vietnam contributes 0.52 kg C02 emission. The contribution of each sector to the total emissions in Vietnam through the years is shown in Fig. 9. 

Energy production and consumption pose nature into pressure and make the energy sector becomes the largest contributor of greenhouse gas (GHG) emission in Vietnam since 2010, accounting for 67%. Several emission sources of GHG could be found in a waste treatment facilities it came from (1) emission of methane (CH4, GWP 25) at landfill of mixed waste, (2) from emission of fossil carbon dioxide through the combustion of plastics and composites or supported fuels (auxiliary), and (3) from emission of nitrous oxide (NOx) during incineration/ pretreatment process, etc. 

Hydrogen can be produced from carbon-free or carbon-neutral energy sources or from fossil fuels with CO capture and storage (sequestration). Thus, the use of hydrogen could eventually eliminate greenhouse gas emissions from the energy sector. 

Developing nonfossil energy sources and improving efficiency in all energy sectors should be viewed as part of a high-priority strategic investment. The mechanisms to accomplish this include research and development on solar photovoltaic cells and safer nuclear plants and possible tax incentives to reduce fossil fuel emissions. 

GIF Goal no 7 Have a level of financial risk comparable to other energy projects means minimizing Capital-at-Risk (ie, investment before commercial operation) this rewards smaller units that require less capital. Capital investment costs should be seen in the context of the total social costs (= private -I- external costs ) and the nuclear sector should be compared to renewable and fossil energy sectors. 

A projection of biomass energy consumption in the United States for the years 2000, 2010, 2020, and 2030 is shown in Table 6 by end use sector (12). This analysis is based on a National Premiums Scenario which assumes that specific market incentives are appHed to aU. new renewable energy technology deployment. The scenario depends on the enactment of federal legislation equivalent to a fossil fuel consumption tax. Any incentives over and above those in place (ca 1992) for use of renewable energy will have a significant impact on biomass energy consumption. 

Several important generalizations can be made. The first is that fossil fuel prices are primary competition for biomass energy. Table 28 summarizes 1990 U.S. tabulations of average, consumption-weighted, deflvered fossil fuel prices by end-use sector (90). The deflvered price of a given fossil fuel is not the same to each end user ie, the residential sector normally pays more for fuels than the other sectors, and large end users pay less. 

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