Energy release impulsive

Due to the absorbed photon energy in the moment of the beam admission the particles and the substrate surface warm up very fast. As a consquence of the thermal induced stresses between the relative brittle hard particles, some particles brake apart and, because of the released impulse energy, they are ejected out of the effective beam zone, transmission... 

In a nutshell, the performance of weapons and munitions increases with the use of nanosized particles because of the increased surface area and enhanced heat transfer resulting in reduced ignition delay, burn time, improved mechanical properties and high density-specific impulse. Further, formulations based on micron-sized materials with a wide distribution suffer from defects such as slow energy release, incomplete combustion and inability to support rapid combustion which can be overcome with the use of nanoparticles or nanomaterials [102]. 

The rotational and the translational freedom appear after desorption of adsorbed molecules and each energy is kept without any disturbance before detection in the present experimental condition, since there is no collision and the lifetime of the excited states for a desorbed molecule is long. The experimental data can be analyzed by a simple model using the impulse scheme, con fi ned to the momentum transferred from the substrate to an adsorbate atom, in which the form of the excited-state PES and the transition process need not be assumed [68, 69]. The energy released from the excited state is converted to the momentum and this energy is transferred impulsively. The desorption also occurs impulsively. This simple model sheds hght on the property of the intermediate excited state, and the intermediate excited state plays an important role in the DIET process. 

A widely-used model in this class is the direct-interaction with product repulsion (DIPR) model [173—175], which assumes that a generalised force produces a known total impulse between B and C. The final translational energy of the products is determined by the initial orientation of BC, the repulsive energy released into BC and the form of the repulsive force as the products separate. This latter can be obtained from experiment or may be assumed to take some simple form such as an exponential decay with distance. Another method is to calculate this distribution from the quasi-diatomic reflection approximation often used for photodissociation [176]. This is called the DIPR—DIP model ( distributed as in photodissociation ) and has given good agreement for the product translational and rotational energy distributions from the reactions of alkali atoms with methyl iodide. 

An eclectic model has been proposed [280] to describe these dynamics. It includes the separate two-body reactant and product interactions of the optical model with an attractive covalent—ionic interaction between the reactants and a photodissociation-derived repulsion between the products. An impulsive model partitions the repulsive energy release between the product translational and internal modes. There is an abrupt switch between the reactant and product trajectories which occurs for a Cl ... 

The computer simulation of the experiments in the frame work of two-phase single-velocity model [7] has been carried out in order to clear up the mechanism leading to the formation and irreversible development of the cavitation zone. The one-dimensional problem was solved in the cylindrical coordinate system ( T, 0,2 ). The impulsive energy release occurs in time moment t=0 along the axis Z. When t > 0 three areas are singled out in the problem are the explosive products (0 < p < ),... 

Clearly, there is a very large energy release and a bimodal vibrational distribution, with peaks at V = 14 and v = 27 is observed. A simple impulsive model, assuming a geometry close to that of the ground state, explains the main features in the observed energy release. 

Pressure and impulse in the pressure wave determine the danger level resulting from an explosion of hydrogenous combustible mixtures. The main measurable blast wave parameters are presented in the diagram (Fig. 10.1). The blast wave pressure in a gas explosion is a function of the energy release rate and it reaches a maximum at the detonation mode of combustion [1 ]. 

Fuel-air gas explosive effects (blast wave pressure and impulse) depend on the resultant energy release [7-28]. The blast wave pressure amplitude mainly relates to the energy release rate [10, 13, 24, 25]. The pressure impulse weakly depends on the... 

The dynamical features associated with the light atom anomaly, e.g., direct mechanism without snarled trajectories (except for XX cases) and short reaction times compared with the vibrational periods of molecular vibrations have made the H + X2 reactions a favorite for development of models for impulsive energy release.The approximately collinear reaction configuration (at least for F2 and CI2) provide n incentive to those interested in rigorous one-dimensional quantum lodels. " The nonlinear surprisals also have been a stimulus for work based upon the information-theoretic approach. The vibrational (especially so for the onedimensional base and translationaF " surprisals are approximately quadratic, rather than linear. These distributions can be understood in terms of an additional constraint, which is termed a Franck-Condon-like or momentum transfer constraint. Introduction of this constraint leads to a... 

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