Energy of separation

Bromley and co-workers (36) have calculated the minimal energy of separation of water from seawater containing 3.45 wt % salt, at 25°C, to be 2.55 kj/(kg fresh water) for the case of 2ero fresh water recovery (infinitesimal concentration change) and 2.91 kj/(kg fresh water) for the case of 25% fresh water recovery. is, however, severalfold smaller than the energy necessary for water desalination ia practice. 

The first term on the right in equation 1.141 is repulsion between the two nuclei, the second term represents electron-electron repulsion, and the third and fourth terms are attraction effects between electrons and nuclei. If we subtract the coulombic energies of separate atoms from equation 1.141 ... 

In order to better understand the detailed dynamics of this system, an investigation of the unimolecular dissociation of the proton-bound methoxide dimer was undertaken. The data are readily obtained from high-pressure mass spectrometric determinations of the temperature dependence of the association equilibrium constant, coupled with measurements of the temperature dependence of the bimolecular rate constant for formation of the association adduct. These latter measurements have been shown previously to be an excellent method for elucidating the details of potential energy surfaces that have intermediate barriers near the energy of separated reactants. The interpretation of the bimolecular rate data in terms of reaction scheme (3) is most revealing. Application of the steady-state approximation to the chemically activated intermediate, [(CH30)2lT"], shows that. 

Until now we have studied the methods of theoretical description of the energy of separate, non-interacting atoms or ions. Interaction was present indirectly while speaking about many states or excited configurations, saying nothing about the mechanisms of their creation or their lifetimes. 

A number of attempts have been made to predict thermodynamic functions for ionizations on the basis of electrostatic theory (Benson, 1960d Frost and Pearson, 1961a). The simple Born treatment, which considers the solvent as a continuous dielectric, gives for the free energy of separation of a pair of spherical charges, ZK e and ZB e, in a medium of dielectric constant D,... 

This formula is quite remarkable as it shows that in the FO picture there are no contributions to the bending which can be attributed to any kind of interbond interaction. The bending force field is produced solely by energies of separate chemical bonds. 

IR-radiation influences selectively on oscillatory energy of separate groups of a PAN macromolecule, allowing operating in the certain limits of the chemical transformations, leading to formation of a carbon material. Figure 1 shows the principal scheme of PAN film conversion to carbon film. 

Given a permanent atomic moment, derivation of the paramagnetic contribution assumes that the energy of separation of the lowest from the first excited electronic levels in the atom or ion are either small or large compared to kT. Van Vleck (628) has shown that the matrix elements between levels of large separation, the high-... 

It is somewhat misleading that Harkins used the term energy of adhesion to denote an energy of separation of a liquid from the surface of a solid (Harkins, 1952). It seems more consistent to define the energy of adhesion A U, with the same sign as the immersion quantities, so that ... 

Equation (5) shows that Tg is directly proportional to the energy of separation, needed to separate the floes. E ... 

Interconnecting streams may be liquids, vapors, or two-phase mixtures. The total energy of separation can be minimized for the direct split if the two columns have a liquid connection for the indirect split it is minimized if the columns have a vapor connection, and for the prefractionator system if the top connection is vapor and the bottom connection is hquid. See Fidkowski and Krolikowski [AIChE /., 33, 643 (1987) 36,1275 (1990)]. 

The contribution of the coulombic interaction to the fonnatirm of stable ion-pairs is by far the most important and for a long time was regarded as the only one. Denison and Ramsey [56] put forth a thermodynamic approach to ion-pairing that considers only ions in contact to be ion-pairs this is tantamount to note the cut-off distance asR = a.A Bom cycle was then used to calculate the Gibbs energy of separating ions from contact to infinity and the equilibrium sanctions the following association equilibrium constant... 

By using the continuum model of the solvent, we have calculated the Free energy of separation of a pair of spherical charges and 2b8 [Eq. (XV. 10.5)] in a dielectric constant D as... 

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