Energy hydro-electric

It is obvious that the production efficiency of the methanol vectors is lower than gasoline production efficiency, due to the conversion of the primary energy (hydro)electric power to a completely different energy carrier. As shown in Fig.l the primary energy demand for the production of methanol is 9.5 (conc.-C02) and 11.4 kWh/1 methanol (air-C02). This is corresponding to an efficiency for the fuel generation of 45.8 and 38.1%, respectively... 

Baird, S. (1993). Energy Fact Sheet Hydro-Electric Power. Ontario Energy Educators of Ontario. 

Energy conservation has often been referred to as the fifth fuel , the other four being the so-called primary or fossil fuels of coal (solid), oil (liquid), gas and nuclear/hydro-electricity. This emphasizes the importance of reducing the amount of energy used, not only nationally but also internationally. 

Hydropower A Study for the Generation, InterContinental Transport, and Use of Hydrogen as a Source of Clean Energy, on the Basis of Large-scale and Cheap Hydro-Electricity (Hydrogen Pilot Project - Canada) (DECHEMA, 1987)... 

A quasi-independent regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electricity rates, hydro-electric licensing, natural gas pricing, oil pipeline rates and gas pipeline certification. 

INGERSOLL-RAND COMPANY LIMITED MANITOBA HYDRO-ELECTRIC METHANEX CORP NAVITAS ENERGY INC... 

Main Pass 35 Project MESA ENERGY INC Maine Yankee Atomic Power Company CENTRAL VERMONT PUBLIC SERVICE CORPORATION Manitoba HVDC Research Centre, Inc. MANITOBA HYDRO-ELECTRIC... 

Manitoba Hydro Utility Services, Ltd. MANITOBA HYDRO-ELECTRIC Mannaway NOVOZYMES MapFrame GE ENERGY... 

Therefore, it is anticipated that this initial project will lead to broader social and environmental advances and act as a model for further cogeneration plants. Conversion of hydro, wind and, solar energy to electricity and to hydrogen will open a new venue for the efficient utilization of renewable energy resources in Azerbaijan. 

Due to the incorporation of VRLA products into such new applications as HEV and photovoltaics/wind/hydro-electric energy conversion, or RAPS (remote-area power sources), the development of cycling algorithms involving a relatively narrow SoC window has emerged. While it is beyond the scope of this review to cover this topic in great depth, a general overview will be presented. 

Table 6.19.9 compares the efficiency values of H2 generation processes and other energy and fuel conversion processes. The conversion efficiency of H2 production via electrolysis is similar to that of processes based on fossil fuels and biomass, but one has to consider that the efficiency of electricity production is not counted. If the efficiency in providing the electricity is included and produced from fossil fuels, the overall efficiency of water electrolysis would be much smaller (about 20%). Consequently, water electrolysis is today mostly only attractive for small or remote H2 plants, but may in future be important when using electricity produced from renewable energy (hydro, solar, etc.). 

As a river empties into the sea, it is possible to extract hydro power by converting gravitational potential energy into kinetic energy— mechanical energy and electrical energy. At the same time, the difference in salt concentration between the river and the sea results in a difference in chemical potential or free energy (AG) which can be exploited by means of the osmotic pressure. 

Hydro Electric Power Commission of Ontario/Atomic Energy of Canada Limited, CANDU 500 Pickering Generating Station (1969). 

HEPC = Hydro Electric Power Commission of Ontario (Ontario Hydro) DAE = Department of Atomic Energy, India NPD = Nuclear Power Demonstration RAPP = Rajasthan Atomic Power Project KANUPP = Karachi Nuclear Power Project... 

---