Energy centrifugal fields

Power, Energy, and Drives. Centrifuges accomplish their function by subjecting fluids and soHds to centrifugal fields produced by rotation. Electric motors are the drive device most frequently used however, hydrauHc motors, internal combustion engines, and steam or air turbines are also used. One power equation appHes to all types of centrifuges and drive devices. 

Energy of Centrifugal Fields-High-Cravity Systems... 

Centrifugal fields Ultrasound Solar energy Microwaves Electric fields Plasma technology... 

In a centrifugal field the energy per mole at a distance r from the axis is M(cor2)/2. M is molecular weight and go angular velocity. The ratio of partial pressures for two isotopomers (primed and unprimed) at the wall, rw, and on the axis, ro, yields the elementary separation factor. 

Along with the frictional force on a bead, given by Eq. (9), there will be in general other forces F-, derived in part from the potential energy U that holds the polymer chain together, and in part from external sources, e.g., electric or centrifugal fields. The total force on the y th bead is thus Fj + F/. 

Process intensification can be considered to be the use of measures to increase the volume-specific rates of reaction, heat transfer, and mass transfer and thus to enable the chemical system or catalyst to realize its full potential (2). Catalysis itself is an example of process intensification in its broadest sense. The use of special reaction media, such as ionic liquids or supercritical fluids, high-density energy sources, such as microwaves or ultrasonics, the exploitation of centrifugal fields, the use of microstructured reactors with very high specific surface areas, and the periodic reactor operation all fall under this definition of process intensification, and the list given is by no means exhaustive. 

This minimum can be exceeded by increasing the kinetic energy of the particles for example. This can be done by raising the temperature or by applying a centrifugal field. The kinetic energy of particles depends on mass and velocity. Thus dispersions (emulsions) are the more stable the smaller the particles are, with all other conditions (emulsifier concentration, temperature, salt content), constant. 

An example of the non-equilibrinm clnster size distribution f n, x) in the centrifugal field is shown in Fig. 10-53. To further analyze the influence of centrifugal effect on the energy efficiency of H2S decomposition in plasma, now consider the effect of the centrifugal forces on the average cluster sizes. 

Influence of the Centrifugal Field on Average Cluster Sizes Centrifugal Effect Criterion for Energy Efficiency of H2S Decomposition in Plasma... 

For the separation of solids from liquids, filtration and sedimention can be considered. The energy required for separation can be introduced by a centrifugal field, gravity, and, in the case of filtration, by application of under- or overpressure. 

Matter, energy, charge, momentum, etc., can be transported with observable effects. The transport of matter occurs by diffusion in the earth s gravitational field, by sedimentation in a centrifugal field, and, for example, by electrophoresis in an electrical field. The viscosity of gases is due to the transfer of momentum. Energy is, for example, transported by heat conduction. 

Previous attempts to measure the interfacial free energy at the cell surface have also used the contact angle technique. Harvey placed oil droplets inside cells, but found the contact angle to be very high and had to place the cells in a centrifugal field to obtain meaningful measurements. He concluded that the cell-medium interfacial free energy was less than 1 erg/cm but could not obtain a precise value. Van Oss, measured... 

In all of the above equations, is assumed to be constant and uniform throughout the flow field. In most items of bioprocess equipment, however, there is a spatial distribution of energy dissipation. The definition of an average or a maximum energy dissipation rate is notoriously difficult in the case of bioprocess equipment such as high pressure homogenisers, centrifuges, pumps and microfiltration units which all have complex flow fields. 

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