Energetic explosive materials

TNChloroB Methyl nitrate Tetryl Picric acid AN 

---

Table 9.3 shows the measured detonation velocities and densities of various types of energetic explosive materials based on the data in Refs. [9-11]. The detonation velocity at the CJ point is computed by means of Eq. (9.7). The detonation velocity increases with increasing density, as does the heat of explosion. Ammonium ni-trate(AN) is an oxidizer-rich material and its adiabatic flame temperature is low compared with that of other materials. Thus, the detonation velocity is low and hence the detonation pressure at the CJ point is low compared with that of other energetic materials. However, when AN particles are mixed with a fuel component, the detonation velocity increases. On the other hand, when HMX or RDX is mixed with a fuel component, the detonation velocity decreases because HMX and RDX are stoichiometrically balanced materials and the incorporation of fuel components decreases their adiabatic flame temperatures. 

Finding (Blue Grass) EFKE-2. Energetics from fuzes and burster assemblies will probably not be destroyed in COINS, and downstream equipment must be able to handle this situation. Explosivity tests conducted by the technology provider showed that these materials decompose in the TRBP environment rather than explode or detonate and that the TRBPs will accommodate the decomposition of these explosive materials. 

The physicochemical properties of explosives are fundamentally equivalent to those of propellants. Explosives are also made of energetic materials such as nitropolymers and composite materials composed of crystalline particles and polymeric materials. TNT, RDX, and HMX are typical energetic crystalline materials used as explosives. Furthermore, when ammonium nitrate (AN) particles are mixed with an oil, an energetic explosive named ANFO (ammonium nitrate fuel oil) is formed. AN with water is also an explosive, named slurry explosive, used in industrial and civil engineering. A difference between the materials used as explosives and propellants is not readily evident. Propellants can be detonated when they are subjected to excess heat energy or mechanical shock. Explosives can be deflagrated steadily without a detonation wave when they are gently heated without mechanical shock. 

In contrast to the detonation of gaseous materials, the detonation process of explosives composed of energetic solid materials involves phase changes from solid to liquid and to gas, which encompass thermal decomposition and diffusional processes of the oxidizer and fuel components in the gas phase. Thus, the precise details of a detonation process depend on the physicochemical properties of the explosive, such as its chemical structure and the particle sizes of the oxidizer and fuel components. The detonation phenomena are not thermal equilibrium processes and the thickness of the reachon zone of the detonation wave of an explosive is too thin to identify its detailed structure.[i- i Therefore, the detonation processes of explosives are characterized through the details of gas-phase detonation phenomena. 

The utility of explosives lay in the strongly energetic and exothermic reaction initiated upon detonation or ignition. Most modem explosives are reasonably stable and require percussive shock or other triggering devices for detonation. Fortunately, subsurface Explosives-Associated Compounds (XAC) contamination usually occurs as dilute, aqueous solutions and thus presents no explosion hazard. However, masses of pure crystalline explosive material have been encountered in soils associated with wastewater lagoons, leach pits, bum pits, and perhaps firing ranges. 

Propellants are explosive materials with low rates of combustion diat will ideally burn at uniform rates after ignition without requiring interaction with the atmosphere [1,2], They frequently involve several components, including an energetic oxidizer, a plasticizer to facilitate processing, and a polymeric binder. The specific impulse of such propellants is necessarily that of the composite mixture. Oui focus here is on chemical and structural factors affecting the specific impulse of the oxidizer, which will be designated as a monopropellant. 

Primary eKplosivee are energetic materials that are sensitive to initiation by heat, sp2urk, impact, or friction. Their primary application is as the first element in an explosive train, which is a. sequence of explosive materials varying in sensitivity. The first element, called the primer, is the most sensitive and is used U> initiate the second element, often called the booster. The booster adds energy to the detonation wave generated by t he primer and is used to initiate the main chargo of the... 

Becker et al. (2010a) have optimized the process to produce thick, high-surface-area por-Si films for applications as an explosive material (see chapter entitled Energetics with Porous Silicon ). Films up to 150 pm thick with specific surface area 700 m g and pore diameters 3 nm were fabricated. 

Capkovd P, Pospisil M, Vavra P, Zeman S (2003) Characterization of explosive materials using molecular dynamics simulations. In PolitzerP, Murray) (eds) Theoretical and computational chemistry, vol 13, Energetic Materials, Part 1, Decomposition, crystal and molecular properties. Elsevier, Amsterdam, p 49... 

---