Endosperm fluid

Coconut water is the liquid endosperm fluid of the coconut fruit which contains high amounts of essential nutrients and minerals. This endosperm fluid is a widely consumed as a beverage in many parts of the world as it provides hydration along with increased nutritional, health and medicinal benefits. In addition to being used as a medium constituent, it also acts as a natural biocatalyst One of the fermented products of coconut water, coconut water kefir, is made by fermenting coconut water with the kefir granules which contain essential lactic acid bacteria and yeast spp. known to have health benefits for a disease-free life. It has many applications in the food industry and functional food market It is used as one of the important constituents in a variety of products or can be consumed as-it-is . It is known to have no undesirable side effects and is said to improve digestioa This paper reviews the functional properties of coconut water, its applications in the food industry and recent advancements in this area. 

Samen-, seed seminal, spermatic, -behand-lung, /. seed treatment, -beizung, /. seed disinfection, -blattchen, n. cotyledon, -driise, /. testicle, -eiweiss, n. (Bot.) endosperm. -foden, m. spermatozoon, -fliissig-keit, /, seminal fluid. 

Samen-haar, n. (Bot.) seed hair, coma, -hefe, /. seed yeaat. -keim, m. germ, embryo, -kem, m. seed kernel (Bot.) endosperm Physiol.) spermatic nucleus, -lappen, m. seed lobe, cotyledon, -ol, n. seed oil. -pflan-zen, /.pi. seed plants, Spermatophyta. -probe, /. seed test or sample, -saift, m. seminal fluid, -staub, m. pollen, -tierchen, n. sp< rmatozoon. -zelle, /. seminal cell, spertpatozoon. -zucker, m. quercitol, quer-cite. ... 

Fig. 103.—I, Drupe of cocoanut cut vertically, showing epicarp (e), mesocarp (m), stony endocarp (rf) seed coat (5), endosperm end), and embryo sac cavity (e,5.) which in the mature seed contains a nutritive fluid. 2. Pome of an apple cut vertically to show core composed of 5 ripened carpels and flesh of matured torus. 3, Eaetrio of raspberry. 4, Same, cut vertically to show arrangement of the little drupes on fleshy receptacle.

Cellulose and pectin extracts from soybean hulls and endosperm were characterized in terms of their rate of degradation in the presence of sheep rumen fluid.13313C CPMAS NMR was used to study the ultrastructural aspects of ultra-thin cellulose microfibrils extracted from sugar beet pulp during the purification procedure. It was found that crystallinity increases as the purification proceeds. A crystallite size of 4 nm was derived from the NMR results, in good agreement with the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations.134... 

Rice endosperm cell walls have been prepared by grinding the rice flour (obtained from the milled grains) to pass through a 50-mesh sieve and then treating the flour sequentially as follows (1) with cold water and then 1 1 ethanol/ether to defat the flour, (2) with a-amylase to remove starch and isolate the water-soluble polysaccharides from the supernatant fluid,... 

At first glance, it is difficult to recognize the gibberellins as diter-penes. However, any element of doubt about this has been dispelled by isotope experiments in vivo and in a cell-free system. In the fluid endosperm of the wild cucumber Echinocystis macrocarpa the following synthetic pathway has been demonstrated (Fig. 85) geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate—(—) kaurene—(—) kauren-19-ol —gibberellin A5. Presumably the synthesis then proceeds via Aj to gibberellic acid. 

In 1941, Van Overbeck discovered that the fluid endosperm of the coconut, the coconut milk, can induce cell division in embryos grown in artificial culture media. Subsequently, Steward and his colleagues in particular investigated the influence of coconut milk on the growth of tissue cultures. They established a division-promoting effect of coconut milk in tissue cultures too. However, in most cases it was necessary to combine the coconut milk with a growth substance such as lAA, a-naphthylacetic acid or 2, 4-d if a strong and persistent capacity to divide was to be attained. 

Fertilization is twofold. One of the two sperm cells fuses with the diploid, secondary embryo sac nucleus to form the triploid endosperm nucleus. The endosperm nucleus divides to form many nuclei each of which combines with cytoplasm to form a cell. In this way the multicellular endosperm emerges. Subsequently it can be enriched with reserve materials, vitamins, phytohormones, and other factors that are necessary for development before and, in part, also after germination. In some cases such as the coconut and pumpkin plants the endosperm is wholly or partially fluid. 

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