0-Endorphin human

Figure 5 Separation of BSA, 729 Cytochrome c, 861 [1-Endorphin (Human), 1011 hACTH(18-39), 1075 GnRH, 1167 TRH, 1221 Acetic Acid, 1273t66la...

Bond C, LaForge KS, Tian M, et al Single-nucleotide polymorphism in the human mu opioid receptor gene alters beta-endorphin binding and activity possible implications for opiate addiction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95 9608-9613, 1998 Borron SW, Monier C, Risede P, et al Flunitrazepam variably alters morphine, bu-prenorphine, and methadone lethality in the rat. Hum Exp Toxicol 21 399-603, 2002... 

Simpkins CO, Dickey CA, Fink MP (1984) Human neutrophil migration is enhanced by beta-endorphin. Life Sci 34(23) 2251-2255... 

Howard, A., de La Baume, S., Gioannini, T.L., Hiller, J.M., and Simon, E.J. (1985) Covalent labeling of opioid receptors with human b-endorphin./. Biol. Chem. 260,10833-10839. 

Kay, N., Allen, J., Morley, J.E., Endorphins stimulate normal human peripheral blood lymphocyte natural killer activity, Life Sci., 35, 53, 1984. 

Yeager, M.P. et al., Effect of morphine and P-endorphin on human Fc receptor-dependent and natural killer cell functions, Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol., 62, 336, 1992. 

Dynorphin, a-neoendorphin and /1-endorphin each produced a dose-dependent (10 6 M to 10 4 M) release of histamine from rat peritoneal mast cells but not from rat mucosal mast cells which were isolated following collagenase digestion [128]. When administered intradermally to the forearms of human volunteers, dynorphin, /f-endorphin, Leu-enkephalin and morphiceptin each produced a wheal and flare reaction at nM concentrations. Mast cell degranulation was confirmed by electron microscopy of biopsy samples and by its inhibition by hyroxyzine pretreatment [129]. 

E Atherton, M Caviezel, H Fox, D Harkiss, H Over, RC Sheppard. Peptide synthesis. Part 3. Comparative solid-phase synthesis of human P-endorphin on polyamide supports using t-butoxycarbonyl and fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl. 

High doses of caffeine produce a stresslike neuroendocrine response (Spindel 1984 Spindel et al. 1984). This includes increased levels of corticosterone, jS-endorphin, and decreased serum growth hormone and thyrotropin-stimulating hormone in the rat. However, similar effects are not observed in humans until approximately 500 mg is consumed, the equivalent of 5 cups of coffee. At this dose in humans, elevations are seen in adrenocorticotrophic hormone, jS-endorphin, and cortisol. 

Neuroendocrine In human subjects with Aizheimer s disease, intravenous infusion of arecoiine caused eievations of adrenocorticotrophic hormone, cortisoi, and j8-endorphin, indicating an activation of the hypothaiamic-pituitary-adrenai axis (Asthana etai. 1995). 

Neuroendocrine effects DMT causes a transient increase in release of several hormones. In humans intravenously administered DMT (0.4 mg/kg), increases are seen in j8-endorphin, corticotrophin, prolactin, cor-... 

There are more than 10 billion neurons that make up the human nervous system, and they interact with one another through neurotransmitters. Acetylcholine, a number of biogenic amines (norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, and in all likelihood, histamine and norepinephrine), certain amino acids and peptides, and adenosine are neurotransmitters in the central nervous system. Amino acid neurotransmitters are glutamic and aspartic acids that excite postsynaptic membrane receptors of several neurons as well as y-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glycine, which are inhibitory neurotransmitters. Endorphins, enkephalins, and substance P are considered peptidergic transmitters. There are many compounds that imitate the action of these neurotransmitters. 

Valdez GR, Inoue K, Koob GF, Rivier J, Vale W, Zorrilla EP (2002) Human urocortin II mild locomotor suppressive and delayed anxiolytic-like effects of a novel corticotropinreleasing factor related peptide. Brain Res 943 142-150 Vale W, Spiess J, Rivier C, Rivier J (1981) Characterization of a 41 -residue ovine hypothalamic peptide that stimulates secretion of corticotropin and p-endorphin. Science 213 1394-1397... 

Endorphins likely came first, and then humans made the discovery of how opium contains compounds that mimic the effect of endorphins. Thus, opioids have endorphin activity. Why this is so is something you should be sure to discuss with your instructor. 

Helmeste, D. M., Hammonds, R. G., Jr., and Li, C. H. (1986) Preparation of [I25I-Tyr27, Leu5]ph-endorphin and its use for cross-linking of opioid binding sites in human striatum and NG108-15 neuroblastoma-glioma cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 83,4622—4625. Hemmila, I. (1988) Lanthanides as probes for time-resolved fluorometric immunoassays. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 48,389—400. 

The answer is yes. In the 1970s, scientists found that the brain produces morphine-like narcotics called endorphins (endogenous morphines) that activate the opiate receptors in the brain. Morphine also attaches to opiate receptors therefore, it is actually mimicking the effects of these human-produced endorphins that create the euphoria and reduction in pain often experienced by a morphine user. 

Bugnot C, Bloch B, Lenys D, Fellmann D (1979) Infundibular neurons of the human hypothalamus simultaneously reactive with antisera against endorphins, ACTH, MSH, and beta-LPH. Cell Tissue Res 199 177-96... 

Fig. 12. Amino acid sequence and structural assignments for human /3-endorphin (Taylor and Kaiser, 1986).

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