Endocrine system bisphenol

Bisphenol A [(bis-4-hydroxyphenol)dimethylmethane], used for the production of epoxy resins and polycarbonates, is obtained by the acidic condensation of phenol and acetone. Here, the carbonium ion produced by the protonation of acetone attacks the phenol molecule at the para position producing a quinoidal oxonium ion that loses water and rearranges to a p-isopropylphenol carbonium ion. The water attacks another phenol molecule, also in the para position, giving another quinoidal structure that rearranges to bisphenol A. It has been found that bisphenol A may be involved in one of the endocrine systems. The consequences of this are still being determined. 

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a common compound used in the synthesis of many plastics and epoxy resins. However, recent studies have determined BP A is an emerging contaminant, which can disrupt the endocrine system and potentially cause cancer [115]. By molecular imprinting, Gao s group created numerous nanocavities in polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) spheres, which can specifically target BPA (Fig. 37). The monodisperse PMMA spheres can be made into a CCA-based optical sensor. When the sensor is exposed to BPA solution, binding... 

Significant uncertainty exists in the current risk assessment of bisphenol A, which has led to the EU regulatory risk assessment conclusion that further risk data need to be collected, especially because it is a potential endocrine disruptor. Under the systems framework, recommendations would apply during the time necessary to collect further information on bisphenol A, thereby providing a... 

As discussed in Sect. 9.2, lAMS has been applied in the study of atmospheric processes. As such, lAMS can contribute to an understanding of acid rain, smog, and other air contamination processes in the atmosphere. Important additional tools in this respects are the aerosol mass spectrometer (Sect. 6.2) and the infrared image furnace (IIF, Sect. 6.4.3). The latter system was involved in studying combustion of polycarbonates, which may result in the emission of the endocrine disraptor bisphe-nol A. Li+-IAMS enabled the detection of the bisphenol A biradical [21]. Similarly, EGA-IAMS has been used to study the pyrolysis of polyacrylamide, which among others results in the suspected carcinogenic monomeric acrylamide [22]. 

Bechi N, letta F, Romagnoli R et al (2010) Environmental levels of para-nonylphenol are able to affect cytokine secretion in human placenta. Environ Health Perspect 118(3) 427-431 Bennasroune A, Rojas L, Foucaud L et al (2012) Effects of 4-nonylphenol and/or diisononylphthalate on THP-1 cells impact of endocrine disrupters on human immune system parameters. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 25(2) 365-376 Bono-Blay F, Guart A, de la Fuente B et al (2012) Survey of phthalates, alkylphenols, bisphenol A and herbicides in Spanish source waters intended for bottling. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 19(8) 3339-3349... 

Dental amalgam, consisting of mercury alloyed with another element, is still approved for use in most countries, but conflicting views have been expressed over the use of mercury as filling material. Some dentists are still recommending the use of dental amalgam with mercury because of its durability, ease of use, and low cost compared to resin composites (for which concerns have been raised due to the presence of plastic chemicals such as Bisphenol A, well known for its endocrine disruptor effects) and dental porcelain. However, it is believed that leaching of mercury into the mouth and consequential health effects related to mercury toxicity (such as risk of impairment in the central nervous system function, kidney function, immune system, and fetal development) are associated with mercury exposure. 

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