Emulsion adjustment

Minimum Film Formation Temperature (MFT). Equipment described by Protzman and Brown (24) was built, calibrated, and used for all measurements. A series of 25% emulsions, adjusted to pH 9.5 with NH3, was used throughout unless otherwise indicated. 

Changes in process control procedures for the demulsification operation may be required for oil-in-water emulsions. Interface detection instruments must be able to detect the difference in water and an oil-in-water emulsion. Adjustment of control levels in separation vessels may be required for proper operation. 

Colloid mills are used to grind and disperse solids in liquids and to prepare emulsions. Adjustable clearances are between 0.001 and 0.050in., and peripheral speeds to 10,000ft/min. They are used, for example, to make lubricating greases by dispersion of calcium stearate in hydrocarbon oils. 

Complex Coacervation. This process occurs ia aqueous media and is used primarily to encapsulate water-iminiscible Hquids or water-iasoluble soHds (7). In the complex coacervation of gelatin with gum arabic (Eig. 2), a water-iasoluble core material is dispersed to a desired drop size ia a warm gelatin solution. After gum arabic and water are added to this emulsion, pH of the aqueous phase is typically adjusted to pH 4.0—4.5. This causes a Hquid complex coacervate of gelatin, gum arabic, and water to form. When the coacervate adsorbs on the surface of the core material, a Hquid complex coacervate film surrounds the dispersed core material thereby forming embryo microcapsules. The system is cooled, often below 10°C, ia order to gel the Hquid coacervate sheU. Glutaraldehyde is added and allowed to chemically cross-link the capsule sheU. After treatment with glutaraldehyde, the capsules are either coated onto a substrate or dried to a free-flow powder. 

Citric acid is utilized in a large variety of food and industrial appHcations because of its unique combination of properties. It is used as an acid to adjust pH, a buffer to control or maintain pH, a chelator to form stable complexes with multivalent metal ions, and a dispersing agent to stabilize emulsions and other multiphase systems (see Dispersants). In addition, it has a pleasant, clean, tart taste making it useful in food and beverage products. 

MAIs may also be formed free radically when all azo sites are identical and have, therefore, the same reactivity. In this case the reaction with monomer A will be interrupted prior to the complete decomposition of all azo groups. So, Dicke and Heitz [49] partially decomposed poly(azoester)s in the presence of acrylamide. The reaction time was adjusted to a 37% decomposition of the azo groups. Surface active MAIs (M, > 10 ) consisting of hydrophobic poly(azoester) and hydrophilic poly(acrylamide) blocks were obtained (see Scheme 22) These were used for emulsion polymerization of vinyl acetate—in the polymerization they act simultaneously as emulsifiers (surface activity) and initiators (azo groups). Thus, a ternary block copolymer was synthesized fairly elegantly. 

Formation of emulsions of the oil-in-water or water-in-oil type depends mainly on the hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) of the emulsifier. Phosphate esters with their various molecular structures can be adjusted to nearly every HLB value desired. Therefore they are able to meet nearly all of demands in this field. 

Optionally, the pH of the aqueous phase of the broken emulsion, after doing the job, can be adjusted to become alkaline. The salts of the polymers are converted into inactive species and the aqueous phase of the broken emulsion can be reinjected into ahydrocarbon-containing formation to recover additional hydrocarbons or bitumen [1187] as an improved oil-recovery process. 

Polyalkylene polyamine salts are prepared by contacting polyamines with organic or inorganic acids. The polyamines have a molecular weight of at least 1000 Dalton and ranging up to the limits of water solubility [1185]. In a process of demulsification of the aqueous phase of the broken bitumen emulsions, the pH is adjusted to deactivate the demulsifier so that the water may be used in subsequent in situ hot water or steam floods of the tar sand formation. 

Nutritional considerations Contains soy bean oil, egg lecithin, and glycerol. Provides 1.1 kcal/mL of emulsion may need to adjust nutritional regimen. One formulation contains EDTA. Prolonged therapy with the EDTA-containing product may decrease serum zinc levels. May need to monitor serum zinc levels and supplement. 

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