Emulsification potassium

Of the cations (counterions) associated with polar groups, sodium and potassium impart water solubiUty, whereas calcium, barium, and magnesium promote oil solubiUty. Ammonium and substituted ammonium ions provide both water and oil solubiUty. Triethanolammonium is a commercially important example. Salts (anionic surfactants) of these ions ate often used in emulsification. Higher ionic strength of the medium depresses surfactant solubihty. To compensate for the loss of solubiUty, shorter hydrophobes ate used for appHcation in high ionic-strength media. The U.S. shipment of anionic surfactants in 1993 amounted to 49% of total surfactant production. 

Silicates. Both sodium and potassium silicate solids or solutions have valued functionality including emulsification, buffering, deflocculation, and antiredeposition ability. Silicates also provide corrosion protection to metal parts in washing machines, as well as to the surfaces of china patterns and metal utensils in automatic dishwashers. Silicates are manufactured in liquid, crystalline, or powdered forms and with different degrees of alkalinity. The alkalinity of the silicate provides buffering capacity in the presence of acidic soils and enhances the sequestration ability of the builder system in the formulation. The sili-cate/alkali ratios of the silicates are selected by the formulator to meet specific product requirements. Silicate ratios of 1/1 are commonly used in dry blending applications with silicate ratios of 2/1 and higher commonly used in laundry and autodish applications. 

Emulsification Reagent Dissolve 17.9 g of sodium chloride and 0.41 g of monobasic potassium phosphate in about 400 mL of water. Add 540 mL of glycerol and, with vigorous stirring, add 6.0 g of gum arabic (Sigma, Catalog No. G 9752). Stir until dissolved. Dilute to 1000 mL. 

Silicates. The addition of sodium and potassium silicates to synthetic detergent has proved very beneficial. They have in solid or solution form important characteristics such as emulsification, buffering, deflocculation, and antiredeposition ability. 

The polymer-phase system composed of PEG and potassium phosphate has a relatively large difference in density between the two phases, so that it can be retained well in both XL and XLL column positions which provide efficient mixing of the two phases. On the other hand, the viscous PEG-dextran system, with an extremely low interfadal tension and a small density difference between the two phases, has a high tendency of emulsification under vigorous mixing. Therefore, the use of either the XLLL or L column position, which produces less violent mixing and an enhanced lateral force field, is required to achieve satisfactory phase retention of the PEG-dextran system. 

AI3-19806 CCRIS 1964 EINECS 205-591-0 Eunatrol HSDB 758 9-Ootadecenoic acid, sodium salt 9-Octadecenolc acid, sodium salt, (Z)- 9-Octadecenoic acid (Z)-, sodium salt 9-Octadecenoic acid (9Z)-. sodium salt Olate flakes Oleic acid sodium salt Osteum Potassium oleate Sodium 9-octadecenoate Sodium 9-octadecenoate, (Z)- Sodium oleate. Used for ore flotation, waterproofing textiles and emulsification of oil/water systems. Solid mp = 232-235" soluble in H2O (10 g/100 ml), less soluble in EtOH, organic solvents. Hart Prod. Lanca r Synthesis Co. Norman-Fox Witca/Humko. 

Citrates are usually used as sodium salts, although potassium salts have also been used (Gupta et al, 1984). The trisodium citrate is used most commonly the mono- and disodium salts (NaH2C6Hs07 and Na2HC6Hs07), when used alone, generally give overacid PCPs which are mealy, acid, and crumbly and show a tendency toward oiling-off due to poor emulsification... 

Potassium oleate Sodium laureth-30 sulfate Sulfated castor oil emulsifier, latex emulsification Disodium decyl diphenyl ether disulfonate emulsifier, latex foams C12-14 alkyl dimethyl betaine emulsifier, latex paints Nonoxynol-5 Nonoxynol-13 Nonoxynol-30 Nonoxynol-40 Nonoxynol-50 PEG-9 dioleate... 

Tsubouchi and Tanaka [3] described the following method, in which the sodium-nonionic tetraphenylborate is extracted into an organic solvent and titrated with a quaternary surfactant, which displaces the sodium-nonionic complex. Anionics do not interfere chemically, but cause emulsification problems and are better removed. Potassium, ammonium, calcium, chloride and sulphate ions do not interfere because the complex is extracted. The aqueous layer remains colourless throughout the titration. 

Transfer the solution to a pear-shaped 500-ml separator with a further 20 ml of the benzene-ether mixture and cautiously add 50 ml of 2 per cent potassium hydroxide solution, pouring the solution down the sides of the separator. Carefully turn the separator to a horizontal position, gently rotate it about six times, taking care to avoid emulsification, and carefully return the separator to the vertical position. Remove the alkaline layer as rapidly as possible by running it into a second separator containing 40 ml of the benzene-ether mixture. To carry out this separation rapidly it may be necessary to run off only the clear aqueous portion, leaving in the separator any trace of emulsion. The tendency to emulsify is markedly less in the later washings. 

Carry out a second rapid extraction, with 50 ml of 5 percent potassium hydroxide solution use an increased degree of agitation, but still take care to avoid emulsification. Repeat the extraction with vigorous shaking, using a further 50 ml of 5 per cent potassium hydroxide solution, and run each alkaline layer into the second separator. Immediately after the third extraction, add 50 ml of water to the main benzene-ether solution and shake gently to reduce the concentration of any residual potassium hydroxide. 

Prote-pon P-NP-06-K30 [Protex Int l.j Chem. Descrip. Alkyl ether potassium phosphate Uses Wetting agent, detergent, hydrotrope, emulsifer, rust inhibitor, EP lubricant for alkaline detergents, metal cieaners/iubricants, hard surf, cleaners, textile scours/lubricants, emulsion polymerizafon, agric., and dry cleaning formulations Properties Liq. pH 7.2 0.3... 

FIGURE 21.10 Comparison of the radius of the micelles that form the direct cubic liquid crystal with the radius of the nano-emulsion droplets obtained for several emulsification paths for the W/potassium oleate-oleic acid-CijEjij/hexadecane system. 

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