Emphysema treatment

Lung volume reduction surgery is a rarely performed treatment option for heterogeneous emphysema patients with high hyperinflation. Novel semi-invasive and invasive alternatives are being developed, such as bronchial valves for heterogeneous emphysema treatment, and bronchial stents for homogeneous emphysema to reduce counteiproductive collateral ventilation. 

National Emphysema Treatment Trial Research Group. New Engl J Med 2003 348 2059-2073. 

Over 100 million tonnes of oxygen is made each year in industry. Most of that is used to make steel, but other uses include supporting combustion and generation of high temperature (oxyacetylene cutters) and in life support, the latter in health care (oxygen tents and masks, emphysema treatment) and by divers, in aircraft and in spaceflight. 

Anodier problem can arise from the use of nonprescription cough medicine for self-treatment of a chronic cough. Indiscriminate use of antitussives by die general public may prevent early diagnosis and treatment of serious disorders, such as lung cancer and emphysema... 

The mucolytic acetylcysteine may be used as part of the treatment of bronchopulmonary diseases such as emphysema It is primarily given by nebulization but also may be directiy instilled into a tracheostomy to liquefy (thin) secretions. The mucolytic drugs are effective as adjunctive therapy in chronic bronchopulmonary diseases, such as chronic emphysema, emphysema with... 

General Medical Conditions that Resemble Panic Attacks. Panic attacks are characterized by the abrupt onset of characteristic physical symptoms such as chest pain, shortness of breath, profnse sweating, dizziness, andnansea. Such symptoms may also be caused by severe and even life-threatening medical conditions such as asthma, emphysema, strokes, aneurysms, and heart attacks. It is, in fact, the fear that they re having a heart attack or some other severe medical problem that leads many patients to seek treatment after a panic attack. 

Most patients who are addicted to cigarettes and other tobacco products at some time or another do seek treatment to help them stop. Perhaps they are faced with the crisis of medical illness (emphysema or lung cancer), or they have simply reached a point in life when they want to take better care of themselves. Whatever the motivation, smokers often seek professional help when trying to quit. We review the treatments for nicotine dependence. 

Gene engineering is the basis of gene therapy where genes are removed, replaced, or altered producing new proteins for the treatment of diseases such as muscular dystrophy, some cancers, adenosine deaminase deficiency, cystic fibrosis, and emphysema. 

Theophylline reduces contractile activity of smooth musculature, widens bronchi and blood vessels, reduces pulmonary vascular resistance, stimulates the respiratory center, and increases the frequency and power of cardiac contractions. It is used for bronchial asthma, preventing attacks, and systematic treatment. Theophylline is also used for symptomatic treatment of bronchospastic syndrome of a different etiology (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic bronchitis, and pulmonary emphysema). A large number of combined drags are based on theophylline. Synonyms of theophylline are adophyllin, asthmophyllin, theocin, and many others. 

Dexamethasone Testing of adrenal cortical hyperfunction cerebral edema associated with primary or metastatic brain tumor, craniotomy, or head injury. Tnamc/no/one Treatment of pulmonary emphysema where bronchospasm or bronchial edema plays a significant role, and diffuse interstitial pulmonary fibrosis (Hamman-Rich syndrome) in conjunction with diuretic agents to induce a diuresis in refractory CHF and in cirrhosis of the liver with refractory ascites and for postoperative dental inflammatory reactions. 

Isoproterenol and phenylephrine bitartrate Treatment of bronchospasm associated with acute and chronic asthma reversible bronchospasm that may be associated with emphysema or chronic bronchitis. 

COPD- Maintenance treatment of bronchospasm associated with COPD (including emphysema and chronic bronchitis). 

COPD- For maintenance treatment of bronchospasm associated with CORD (including chronic bronchitis and emphysema), the usual dosage for adults is 1 powder inhalation (50 meg) twice daily (morning and evening, approximately 12 hours apart). 

Bronchospasm (solution and aerosol) Used alone or in combination with other bronchodilators (especially beta-adrenergics) as a bronchodilator for maintenance treatment of bronchospasm associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), including chronic bronchitis and emphysema. 

Massaro, G. D., and Massaro, D. (1997). Retinoic acid treatment abrogates elastase-induced pulmonary emphysema in rats. Nat. Med. 3, 675-677. 

As mentioned above, gas has been widely used and it is a powerful vesicant agent. In the form of vapor, it damages the respiratory tract. Eyes become temporarily blind and the skin in contact with the substance becomes inflammatory. The sweaty zones of skin are the most damaged as well as sensitive mucous membranes. If no treatment is applied, the cutaneous reaction provokes blisters full of liquid after 4-8 h. Spread in the form of particles, the gas penetrates the respiratory tract and destroys the mucous membranes with a respiration distress syndrome. Lungs suffer from emphysemae and edema due to the presence of fluids, which may cause a death similar to a drowning if the dose is too strong. 

One of the goals of synthetic medicinal chemistry is to design potent inilibitors of clinically important proteases. Elastase inhibitors may be useful for treatment of emphysema, pancreatitis, and arthritis,a/b while inhibitors of the angiotensinogen-converting enzyme or of renin (Box 22-D) can help control blood pressure. Inhibition of thrombin, factor Xa, or other blood clotting factors (Fig. 12-17) may prevent blood clots and inhibition of the cytosolic tryptase may provide a new treatment for asthma. Inhibition of the cysteine protease cathepsin K may help combat osteoporosis and inhibition of cysteine proteases of corona viruses may fight the common cold. Cysteine proteases of schistosomes are also targets for protease inhibitors.c... 

Estimates of disease due to smoking do not include the contribution of smoking to overall poor health status. Poor general health may decrease survival for many diseases, including those not caused by smoking, and may limit the treatment options available to the patient. For example, a smoker with emphysema may not be a safe candidate for a surgery needed to treat another medical problem. 

Ajowan has long been used in indigenous medicines for the treatment of diarrhoea, dysentery, atonic dyspepsia, cholera, flatulence and indigestion. The oil has properties for using as an expectorant in emphysema, bronchial pneumonia and respiration ailments, and also possesses an anti diuretic effect. Alcoholic extract of ajowan exhibited... 

---